Electrolytes, Fluids, Acid-Base Balance, pH Flashcards
Why must pH be regulated
allow for proper functioning of proteins and biochemical processes
What is the normal range for pH? For arterial blood, venous blood/ interstitial fluid, ICF
Arterial blood: 7.4
Venous Blood and interstitial fluid: 7.35
ICF: 6.8 ( can go up to 7.4)
Define alkalosis
pH > 7.45
Define acidosis
pH < 7.35
What leads to more acidic blood and what produces it
more hydrogen ions in the blood
produced from: lactic acid, phosphoric acid, fatty acid and ketone bodies, glucose, hydrogen ion( protons)
What does each system have?
a weak acid and a weak base
What does the weak acid do? what are examples of a weak acid?
weak acid will help neutralize the strong base that enters the blood
ex: -OH (hydroxyl) NaOH
What does the weak base do? What are examples of week bases?
weak base neutralize the strong acid that enter the blood
ex: -H( hydrogen) HCL
How does the bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffer system work?
Weak Base: NaHCO3
Weak Acid: H2CO3
NaHCO3 will neutralize strong acids and become H2CO3
H2CO3 will neutralize strong bases and become NaHCO3
Where is the bicarbonate-carbonic buffer system used
buffer for urine and ICF
Describe the phosphate buffer system
Weak base we produce: NaHPO4 (2-)
Weak acid we produce: NaH2PO4 (-)
NaHPO4 ( 2-) will neutralize strong acids and become NaH2PO4 (-)
nAh2po4 (-) will neutralize strong bases and become NaHPO4 (2-)
What is the phosphate buffer system a buffer for?
blood
Define the protein buffer system
protein contain positively charged amino acids and negatively charged amino acids
amino acids will neutralize the acids and bases
What is the protein buffer system for?
buffers cytosol
66% buffering mechanism in the blood
Define Hypercapnia and what causes it
elevated levels of CO2 in the blood
results of respiratory failures
reduced breathing
Define hypocapnia
very low levels of CO2 in the blood
hyperventilation
What is the order of balancing pH in the blood ( fastest to slowest)
1) Chemical buffers: buffers in th blood ( seconds)
2) Respiration: exhale CO2 ( minutes)
3) Renal System: excrete H+ ( hrs to days)
What are two things that decrease the percentage of body water
increase in fat content and bone mass
aging
How many liters of water does the body contain
40 L with solutes
What is the fluid amount with the extracellular fluid, plasma, interstitial fluid, and intracellular fluid
extracellular fluid: 1/3 of all fluids
plasma: 3 L
interestitial fluid ( space between cells): 12 L * include eye fluids, synovial fluid, serous fluid, gi fluid*
intracellular fluid( within cells): 2/3 of fluid
What are nonelectrolytes
mostly organic molecules
do not break apart in water ( dissociate)
no cahrge particles created
i.e glucose, lipids
What are electrolytes
mostly inorganic
dissociate into ions in water
electrical currents in water created from the charged particles
i.e inorganic salts ( NaCl), acids and bases, some proteins
What electrolytes are major and low in extracellular fluids
major: Na and Cl
low: K, HPO4 (2-)
What electrolytes are major and low in the intracellular fluids
major: K and HPO4
low: Na and Cl
Define electrolyte balance
usually only referencing salt balance
because salt is important for cellular activity
ex: excitability in neurona,osmosis, secretions from cells etc
Define hypernatremia and symptoms
high concentration of sodium in the blood
thirst, muscle twitching, weakness, nausea
Define hyponatremia
low concentration of sodium in the blood
confusion, headaches, reduced thinking, coma ( severe)
What is potassium important for
for neurons and cardiac muscle cell excitability
Define hyperkalemia and the effect
high levels of K+ in the ECF
decreased excitability in neurons and muscles
Define hypokalemia and the effect
low levels of K+ in the ECF
inability for neurons to get excited
can lead to death ( heart can’t pump)
Where is calcium stored and why is it important in the ECF
99% of calcium in the bones
important for blood clotting, permability of cell membrane,secretion, exciting skeletal muscles to contract
Define hypocalcemia and what is the effect
calcium too low
greater excitation and muscle spasms
Define hypercalcemia and its effect
calcium too high
stops neurons and muscle, heart arrhythmias
How does estrogen effect ion reaborption
estrogen cause increase in salt ( Na and Cl) reabsorption
causes higher water retention while on birth control, menstrual cycles and pregnancy
How does progesterone effect ions in reabsorption
progesterone causes decrease in sodium reabsorption
promotes sodium and water loss
What is the role of sodium
most abundant cation in ECF
causes significant osmotic pressure
control ECF and water distribution
changes in sodium levels changes in plasma volume, blood pressure
leaks into cells and then pumped out
moves back and forth between ECF and body secretions ( digestive secretions)
