Electrolytes, Fluids, Acid-Base Balance, pH

Question 1

Why must pH be regulated

Answer 1

allow for proper functioning of proteins and biochemical processes

Question 2

What is the normal range for pH? For arterial blood, venous blood/ interstitial fluid, ICF

Answer 2

Arterial blood: 7.4
Venous Blood and interstitial fluid: 7.35
ICF: 6.8 ( can go up to 7.4)

Question 3

Define alkalosis

Answer 3

pH > 7.45

Question 4

Define acidosis

Answer 4

pH < 7.35

Question 5

What leads to more acidic blood and what produces it

Answer 5

more hydrogen ions in the blood

produced from: lactic acid, phosphoric acid, fatty acid and ketone bodies, glucose, hydrogen ion( protons)

Question 6

What does each system have?

Answer 6

a weak acid and a weak base

Question 7

What does the weak acid do? what are examples of a weak acid?

Answer 7

weak acid will help neutralize the strong base that enters the blood
ex: -OH (hydroxyl) NaOH

Question 8

What does the weak base do? What are examples of week bases?

Answer 8

weak base neutralize the strong acid that enter the blood

ex: -H( hydrogen) HCL

Question 9

How does the bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffer system work?

Answer 9

Weak Base: NaHCO3
Weak Acid: H2CO3
NaHCO3 will neutralize strong acids and become H2CO3
H2CO3 will neutralize strong bases and become NaHCO3

Question 10

Where is the bicarbonate-carbonic buffer system used

Answer 10

buffer for urine and ICF

Question 11

Describe the phosphate buffer system

Answer 11

Weak base we produce: NaHPO4 (2-)
Weak acid we produce: NaH2PO4 (-)

NaHPO4 ( 2-) will neutralize strong acids and become NaH2PO4 (-)
nAh2po4 (-) will neutralize strong bases and become NaHPO4 (2-)

Question 12

What is the phosphate buffer system a buffer for?

Answer 12

blood

Question 13

Define the protein buffer system

Answer 13

protein contain positively charged amino acids and negatively charged amino acids
amino acids will neutralize the acids and bases

Question 14

What is the protein buffer system for?

Answer 14

buffers cytosol

66% buffering mechanism in the blood

Question 15

Define Hypercapnia and what causes it

Answer 15

elevated levels of CO2 in the blood
results of respiratory failures
reduced breathing

Question 16

Define hypocapnia

Answer 16

very low levels of CO2 in the blood

hyperventilation

Question 17

What is the order of balancing pH in the blood ( fastest to slowest)

Answer 17

1) Chemical buffers: buffers in th blood ( seconds)
2) Respiration: exhale CO2 ( minutes)
3) Renal System: excrete H+ ( hrs to days)

Question 18

What are two things that decrease the percentage of body water

Answer 18

increase in fat content and bone mass

aging

Question 19

How many liters of water does the body contain

Answer 19

40 L with solutes

Question 20

What is the fluid amount with the extracellular fluid, plasma, interstitial fluid, and intracellular fluid

Answer 20

extracellular fluid: 1/3 of all fluids
plasma: 3 L
interestitial fluid ( space between cells): 12 L * include eye fluids, synovial fluid, serous fluid, gi fluid*
intracellular fluid( within cells): 2/3 of fluid

Question 21

What are nonelectrolytes

Answer 21

mostly organic molecules
do not break apart in water ( dissociate)
no cahrge particles created
i.e glucose, lipids

Question 22

What are electrolytes

Answer 22

mostly inorganic
dissociate into ions in water
electrical currents in water created from the charged particles
i.e inorganic salts ( NaCl), acids and bases, some proteins

Question 23

What electrolytes are major and low in extracellular fluids

Answer 23

major: Na and Cl
low: K, HPO4 (2-)

Question 24

What electrolytes are major and low in the intracellular fluids

Answer 24

major: K and HPO4
low: Na and Cl

Question 25

Define electrolyte balance

Answer 25

usually only referencing salt balance
because salt is important for cellular activity
ex: excitability in neurona,osmosis, secretions from cells etc

Question 26

Define hypernatremia and symptoms

Answer 26

high concentration of sodium in the blood

thirst, muscle twitching, weakness, nausea

Question 27

Define hyponatremia

Answer 27

low concentration of sodium in the blood

confusion, headaches, reduced thinking, coma ( severe)

Question 28

What is potassium important for

Answer 28

for neurons and cardiac muscle cell excitability

Question 29

Define hyperkalemia and the effect

Answer 29

high levels of K+ in the ECF

decreased excitability in neurons and muscles

Question 30

Define hypokalemia and the effect

Answer 30

low levels of K+ in the ECF
inability for neurons to get excited
can lead to death ( heart can’t pump)

Question 31

Where is calcium stored and why is it important in the ECF

Answer 31

99% of calcium in the bones

important for blood clotting, permability of cell membrane,secretion, exciting skeletal muscles to contract

Question 32

Define hypocalcemia and what is the effect

Answer 32

calcium too low

greater excitation and muscle spasms

Question 33

Define hypercalcemia and its effect

Answer 33

calcium too high

stops neurons and muscle, heart arrhythmias

Question 34

How does estrogen effect ion reaborption

Answer 34

estrogen cause increase in salt ( Na and Cl) reabsorption

causes higher water retention while on birth control, menstrual cycles and pregnancy

Question 35

How does progesterone effect ions in reabsorption

Answer 35

progesterone causes decrease in sodium reabsorption

promotes sodium and water loss

Question 36

What is the role of sodium

Answer 36

most abundant cation in ECF
causes significant osmotic pressure
control ECF and water distribution
changes in sodium levels changes in plasma volume, blood pressure
leaks into cells and then pumped out
moves back and forth between ECF and body secretions ( digestive secretions)