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A&P > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 functions of the respiratory system

A

1) respiration
2) cellular respiration provide tissues with oxygen and dispose of co2
3) helps with olfaction and speech

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2
Q

What are the 2 processes of respiratory system

A

pulmonary ventilation

external respiration

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3
Q

What are the 2 processes of circulator system

A

transport

internal respiration

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4
Q

Define pulmonary ventilation

A

breathing ( air in and out of lungs)

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5
Q

define external respiration

A

o2 and co2 exchange between lungs and blood

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6
Q

define transport

A

o2 and c02 in blood

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7
Q

define internal respiration

A

o2 and co2 exchange between capillaries and tissues

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8
Q

What are the 6 major organs of the respiratory system

A

1) nose+ nasal cavity+ paranasal sinuses
2) pharynx
3) larynx
4) trachea
5) bronchi and branches
6) lungs and alveoli

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9
Q

What is the difference between the conducting and respiratory zones

A

conducting zone are channels leading to gas exchange and respiratory zone are site of gas exchange

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10
Q

Define conducting zone

A

channels leading to gas exchange sites

cleanses,warms, and humidifies the air

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11
Q

Define respiratory zone

A

site of gas exchange
microscopic
respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli
diaphragm and supporting respiratory muscles for ventilation

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12
Q

What are the 5 function of the nose

A

1) airway for respiration
2) moistens and warms entering air
3) filter and cleans air with nasal hairs
4) contains olfactory receptors
5) resonating chamber for speech

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13
Q

define nose bridge

A

where base of nose connects to rest of nose

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14
Q

define nose apex

A

tip of nose

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15
Q

define alae

A

make up the nostrils and is made of cartilage

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16
Q

define nares

A

nostril openings

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17
Q

define philtrum

A

small indent above the upper lip

connects apex to upper lip

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18
Q

nasal septum

A

divides the nose

is made of cartilage and bone

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19
Q

What type of epithelium cells are found in the nasal cavity

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar

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20
Q

define olfactory mucosa

A

contains olfactory nerve endings

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21
Q

define respiratory mucosa

A

contains lysozyme and defensins
the cilia moves dirty mucus to throat
air is warmed by capillaries

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22
Q

Define the nasal conchae

A

increase mucosal area and air turbulene

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23
Q

How does the nasal mucosa and conchae play a role in inhalation and exhalation

A

inhalation: filter, heat, and moisten air during
exhalation: reclaim heat and moisture

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24
Q

list and describe the functions of the paranasal sinuses

A 
located within the frontal ,sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bone
3 functions
1) lighten weight of skull
2) secrete mucus
3) help warm and moisten air
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25
Q

define the pharynx and the 3 parts that form it

A

made of skeletal muscle
its a tube that connects nasal cavity and mouth to the larynx and esophagus
Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

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26
Q

define nasopharynx

A

air passageway to the back pf nasal cavity
pharyngeal tonsils located at the top
closes during swallowing due to soft palate and uvula

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27
Q

define oropharynx

A

passageway for food and air
located between soft palate and epiglottis
oral cavity opening
lined with non keratinized stratified squamous

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28
Q

define laryngopharynx and what type of tissue is it

A

passageway for food and air
starts superiorly at back of epiglottis
connects until it reaches diverting point: larynx ( anterior) and esophagus ( posterior)
made of stratified squamous epithelium

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29
Q

Where is the larynx located and what are the 2 functions

A

suspended from hyoid bone and connects with trachae

functions are to route air and food to appropriate channels and for voice production due to vocal folds

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30
Q

What 3 cartilages parts make up the laynx

A

thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage

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31
Q

What is the process of inspiration and what 2 muscles are used

A

muscles contract
diaphragm lowers
external intercostals contract
contraction ( causes rib cage to move up and diaphragm to move down)
gases will flow into lungs until intrapulmonary pressure is zero

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32
Q

What does inspiration do to intrapulmonary volumes and pressures

A

volume increases

pressure decreases

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33
Q

What is the process of exhalation and what muscles are used

A

muscles relax
diaphragm rises as external intercostals relax
RELAXATION: rib cages move down as diaphragm moves up
gases flow out of the lungs until intrapulmonary pressure is zero

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34
Q

What does exhalation do to intrapulmonary volumes and pressure

A

intrapulmonary volume decreases

intrapulmonary pressure increase

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35
Q

Define tidal volume

A

amount of air inhaled/exhaled with each breath under resting condition

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36
Q

Define Inspiratory Reserve Volume ( IRV)

A

amount of air forcefully inhaled after normal tidal inhale

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37
Q

Define Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

A

amount of air forcefully exhaled after normal tidal exhale

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38
Q

Define residual volume ( RV)

A

amount of air left after forced expiration

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39
Q

Define inspiratory capacity (IC) and the equation to solve it

A

max amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal tidal volume exhale
IC= TV+IRV

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40
Q

Functional residual capacity ( FRC)

A

air remaining in the lungs after a normal tidal volume exhale
FRC= ERV + RV

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41
Q

Define Vital Capacity ( VC)

A

max amount of air that can be exhaled after a max inhale

VC= TV+IRV+ERV

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42
Q

Define Total Lung capacity (TLC)

A

max amount of air contained in the lungs after a max inhale

TLC= TV+ IRV+ ERV+ RV

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43
Q

Define anatomical dead space

A

places that do not have gas exchange. this is air remaining in passageways ( ~150 mL)

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44
Q

Define alveolar dead space

A

non-functional alveoli. They are collapsed or blocked

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45
Q

What are 2 ways that oxygen is transported in blood

A

~1.5% dissolved in plasma

98.5% bound to iron on hemoglobin in RBCs

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46
Q

How many molecules of oxygen per Hb

A

4

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47
Q

Define Deoxy-hemoglobin

A

hemoglobin ( not bond with O2) is not very interesting in accepting oxygen

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48
Q

Explain how cooperativity leads to how oxygen binds and dissociates from hemoglobin

A

Once one oxygen attaches to one unit, the hemoglobin structure on the neighbor unit changes shape ( conformational change)
oxygen then binds to hemoglobin unit 2, which then activates a conformational change in unit 3
and so on until all units are full

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49
Q

How does dissociation work?

A

oxygen atom on one unit drops off and causes the oxygen atoms on the other units to also drop off

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50
Q

Why is cooperativity important

A

better efficiency at picking up and dropping off oxygen at the “right time”

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51
Q

Deine hemoglobin saturation

A

how many heme molecules have oxygen on an erythrocytes

100% saturation means all heme units full on an erythrocyte

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52
Q

What is normal hemoglobin saturation in the human body

A

95-99% saturation

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53
Q

What factors influence Hb saturation(3)

A

temperature
pH
hormones

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54
Q

How does temperature influence Hb saturation

A

higher temps = more dissociation

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55
Q

How does pH influence Hb saturation

A

more acidic pH = more o2 dissociation

more alkaline pH= reduce 02 dissociation

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56
Q

How does hormones influence Hb saturation

A

thyroid,growth,and androgens,etc

can lead to more dissociation

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57
Q

What are the 3 forms of carbon dioxide

A

plasma: 7-10%
on globin of hemoglobin: 20%
in plasma in the form of bicarbonate ion ( HCO3): 70%

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58
Q

Define Carbonate Ions

A

main transportation form from tissue to lungs

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59
Q

What does carbonic anhydrase do?

A

covert CO2+ H20 to H2CO3

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60
Q

What is the formula for carbonic acid breakdown

A

carbonic acid breaks down> bicarbonate ion and hydrogen

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61
Q

When is bicarbonate ready to release to the body

A

once the bicarbonate reached the pulmonary capillaries it is ready to be released from the body

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62
Q

What is the reverse reaction for carbon dixoide transport

A

co2 and h20 are produced and co2 can be exhaled

63
Q

Can carbon dioxide bind to hemoglobin

A

yes. but not directly to heme

more so to the amino acid

64
Q

What is the relationship between carbon dioxide and Hb

A

carbon dioxide affinity for Hb is inverse to oxygen

65
Q

When Hb wants oxygen is the desire more or less for CO2

A

less desire for c02

66
Q

when oxygen is not bound on hb is the desire more or less for C02

A

more desire for CO2

67
Q

how do gases diffuse

A

based on partial pressure

68
Q

define partial pressure

A

each gas molecule in a mixture of gases will exert its own pressure

69
Q

Define dalton’s law

A

the total pressure in a certain space is the sum of the partial pressures

70
Q

How do gases diffuse through liquids

A

gases mix within liquids relative to how much (partial) pressure they exert

71
Q

What are 2 factors that are dependent on for the amount of each gas that will dissolve

A

Solubility

Temperture

72
Q

How does solubility affect amount of gas that wll dissolve?

A

carbon dioxide can dissolve in water 20x > oxygen

73
Q

How does temperature affect the amount of each gas that will dissolve?

A

higher temp= lower solubility

74
Q

define external respiration

A

o2 + co2 exchange across respiratory membrane

75
Q

What are 3 factors that external respiration is influenced by

A

1) thickness and surface area of membrane
2) partial pressure and gas solubility
3) ventilation-perfusion coulping

76
Q

What is the partial pressure of oxygen in alveoli and capillaries in external respiration

A

104 mmHg

40 mmHg

77
Q

How does the partial pressure of oxygen in alveoli and capillaries influences flow

A

causes oxygen to flow into blood ( Henry’s law)

78
Q

What is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide of capillaries and alveoli during external respiration

A

capillaries: 45 mmHg
alveoli: 40 mmHg

79
Q

IS OXYGEN SOLUBLE IN PLASMA

A

not very soluble in plasma. needs a big partial pressure gradient to diffuse from alveoli to plasma

80
Q

is carbon dioxide soluble in plasma

A

carbon dioxide is much more soluble in plasma. needs a small partial pressure gradient to diffuse from plasma to alveoli

81
Q

Define ventilation-perfusion coupling

A

bronchiole and pulmonary arteriole channels constrict or open based on the gas flow

82
Q

Define perfusion

A

blood flow reaching alveoli

83
Q

define ventilation

A

amount of gas reaching alveoli

84
Q

How does high oxygen in the alveoli affect ventilation-perfusion coupling

A

increase ventilation

alveolar partial pressure increases and leads to dilation of arterioles

85
Q

How does low oxygen in alveoli affect ventilation-perfusion coupling

A

decrease ventilation
alveolar oxygen partial pressure decreases
leads to constriction of arterioles

86
Q

How does high co2 build up in the alveoli affect ventilation-perfusion coupling

A

bronchioles dilate

87
Q

How does low co2 in the alveoli affect ventilation-perfusion coupling

A

bronchioles constrict

88
Q

How are internal respiration and external respiration different in terms of partial pressue and diffusion gradient

A

internal respiration partial pressures and diffusion gradients are reversed

89
Q

What is the tissue partial pressure of oxygen in internal respiration

A

partial pressure of oxygen is < than systemic arterial blood

90
Q

What are the movements of oxygen and co2 in internal respiration

A

oxygen moves from blood to tissues

co2 moves from tissue to blood

91
Q

Describe the thyroid cartilage in the larynx

A

largest amount
contains laryngeal prominence
adam’s apple

92
Q

Describe cricoid cartilage

A

inferior to laryngeal prominence

93
Q

describe epiglottis

A

flexible, elastic cartilage that is the opening to the trachea

94
Q

What type of epithelium is the superior part of the larynx made of

A

stratified squamous epithelium

95
Q

What type of epithelium is the larynx made of and what can it produce

A

pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium

it can produce mucus

96
Q

What are the 2 folds of the larynx

A

upper fold: vestibular folds ( false vocal folds)

lower fold: true vocal folds ( vocal cords)

97
Q

What is the space between the two folds of the larynx

A

glottis

98
Q

define vestibular folds

A

false vocal cords
above vocal folds
no contribution to sounds
helps glottis close during swallowing

99
Q

define vocal folds

A

true vocalcords
folds vibrate to sounds
as air moves up from lungs

100
Q

How is voice production created

A

glottis opens and closes and the vibrations = sounds

101
Q

define pitch

A

length and tensions of vocal cords

102
Q

define loundness

A

force of air

103
Q

define sounds quality (4 organs)

A

chambers of pharynx, oral,nasal,and sinus cavities

104
Q

define language? what organs help form language ( 5)

A

movement of pharynx muscles, tongue, soft palate and lips

105
Q

What is the epithelium of the trachea

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

106
Q

What type of cartilage is trachea is made of

A

hyaline cartilage

107
Q

Define the lumen of the trachea

A

inner space of the trachea

108
Q

define the trachealis and what does cough do to the diameter

A

contracts during coughing to expel mucus

cough constricts diameter of the trachea

109
Q

How does cough effect the diameter of the trachae

A

smaller diameter increase of pressure which means greater rate of air flow

110
Q

define the carina of trachea

A

last band of cartilage before trachea splits into bronchi

111
Q

Is the mucus of the carina sensitive

A

mucus in the carina most sensitive for inducing cough reflex

112
Q

What is the conducting zone structures

A

trachea > right and left primary bronchi> secondary bronchi> tertiary bronchi> and segments further divide repeatedly> bronchioles ( <1mm diameter) > terminal bronchioles ( <0.5 mm diameter)

113
Q

How is the right promary bronchi different from the left

A

right is more wider, shorter, more vertical

114
Q

How is the secondary bronchi left and right different

A

3 on the right lung

2 on the left lung

115
Q

What is the bronchi made of

A

cartilage and mucous membrane same as trachea

contains smooth muscle layer

116
Q

As the bronchi branch into smaller diameter, they change by….. ( 3)

A

1) reducing amount of hyaline cartilage ( absent in bronchioles)
2) transitioning to simple cuboidal then the squamous epithelium
3) increasing amount of smooth muscles

117
Q

What is the diameter of the bronchioles

A

<1 mm diameter

118
Q

what is the diameter of the terminal bronchioles

A

<0.5 mm diameter

119
Q

When does the respiratory zone start

A

terminal branches

120
Q

What are the 2 respiratory bronchioles

A

alveolar ducts

alveolar sacs

121
Q

What does the alveolar sacs contain

A

alveoli clusters
about ~300 million in lung volume
site of gas exchange

122
Q

Define the respiratory membrane

A

membrane between the alveolar spaces and capillary blood

123
Q

3 components of the respiratory membrane

A

alveolar wall
capillary wall
basement membrane

124
Q

How thin is the respiratory membrane

A

very thinn ~0.5 microns

125
Q

In the respiratory membrane how does gas exchange occur

A

through simple diffusion

126
Q

How many alveoli do people have and what does it contain

A

each person has ~480 million alveoli
contain pulmonary capillaries
alveolar pores

127
Q

define alveolar pores

A

connect to adjacent alveoli

balance the air pressure throughout the alveoli

128
Q

What are the 2 types of alveolar cells

A

pneumocytes

macrophages

129
Q

Describe type 1 pneumocytes cells

A

majority of alveoli

squamous epithelial cells

130
Q

Describe type 2 pneumocytes

A

secrete pulmonary surfactant > improve gas exchange by reducing surface tension of water

131
Q

Is the tension of water and air big in type 2 pnemocytes

A

not such a big difference between air and water and allow alveoli to reexpand

132
Q

Define macrophages

A

prevent and fight infections

133
Q

What are lungs made of

A

mostly of alveoli

134
Q

define costal surface of the lungs

A

surface touching the ribs

135
Q

Define the roots of the lungs

A

where the bronchi and blood vessels of lungs attach to the mediastinum

136
Q

Define hilum of the lungs

A

place where blood vessels,bronchi,lymphatic vessels and nerves enter and exit the lungs ( place of the root on the lungs)

137
Q

define apex of lung

A

superior tip

138
Q

define base of lung

A

inferior surface

on top of the diaphragm

139
Q

Compare the left lung to the right

A

left: smaller then the right due to cardiac notch( where the left side of the heart sits)

140
Q

What are lungs lobes separated

A

by fissures

141
Q

What are the fissures of the left lungs

A

separated superior/inferior: oblique fissures

142
Q

What are the fissures of the right lung

A 
superior
middle
inferior 
with the horizontal and oblique fissure
each tertiary bronchus serves a different lobe
143
Q

List the sequence of the pulmonary circulation

A

pulmonary truck branches into pulmonary arteries
pulmonary arteries branch into arterioles> one arteriole/venule pair serve each lobe
pulmonary capillary network surround alveoli ( for external respiration)
pulmonary veins exit the hilum and go back to the heart

144
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervous system do to the bronchioles

A

bronchoconstriction

145
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system do to the brochioles?

A

bronchodilation

146
Q

What are the 3 different systems of pressure within the lungs compared to atmospheric pressure

A

intrapulmonary pressure
intrapleural pressure
transpulmonary pressure

147
Q

Define atmospheric pressure ( P atm)

A

pressure that is in the air surrounding the body

148
Q

compare negative respiratory pressure and atmospheric pressure

A

negative respiratory pressure= less than Patm

149
Q

compare positive respiratory pressure to atmospheric pressure

A

positive respiratory pressure= greater than P atm

150
Q

Compare zero respiratory pressure to atmospheric pressure

A

zero respiratory presure= atmospheric pressure

151
Q

Define intrapulmonary pressure

A

pressure in the alveoli
changes with breathing
equalized P atm

152
Q

Define intrapleural pressure (Pip)

A

Pressure in pleural cavity
changes with breathing
always a negative pressure with intrapulmonary pressure(

153
Q

Why does fluid levels in the pleural cavity must be minimal?

A

excess fluid is pumped out by lymphatics

excess fluid= lung collapse + ( Pip pressure)

154
Q

Define transpulmonary pressure ( Ppul-Pip)

A

the pressure that keeps airways open
the difference between the intrapulmonary and intrapleural
should always be positive

A&P (9 decks)

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