Respiratory System Flashcards
What are the 3 functions of the respiratory system
1) respiration
2) cellular respiration provide tissues with oxygen and dispose of co2
3) helps with olfaction and speech
What are the 2 processes of respiratory system
pulmonary ventilation
external respiration
What are the 2 processes of circulator system
transport
internal respiration
Define pulmonary ventilation
breathing ( air in and out of lungs)
define external respiration
o2 and co2 exchange between lungs and blood
define transport
o2 and c02 in blood
define internal respiration
o2 and co2 exchange between capillaries and tissues
What are the 6 major organs of the respiratory system
1) nose+ nasal cavity+ paranasal sinuses
2) pharynx
3) larynx
4) trachea
5) bronchi and branches
6) lungs and alveoli
What is the difference between the conducting and respiratory zones
conducting zone are channels leading to gas exchange and respiratory zone are site of gas exchange
Define conducting zone
channels leading to gas exchange sites
cleanses,warms, and humidifies the air
Define respiratory zone
site of gas exchange
microscopic
respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli
diaphragm and supporting respiratory muscles for ventilation
What are the 5 function of the nose
1) airway for respiration
2) moistens and warms entering air
3) filter and cleans air with nasal hairs
4) contains olfactory receptors
5) resonating chamber for speech
define nose bridge
where base of nose connects to rest of nose
define nose apex
tip of nose
define alae
make up the nostrils and is made of cartilage
define nares
nostril openings
define philtrum
small indent above the upper lip
connects apex to upper lip
nasal septum
divides the nose
is made of cartilage and bone
What type of epithelium cells are found in the nasal cavity
pseudostratified ciliated columnar
define olfactory mucosa
contains olfactory nerve endings
define respiratory mucosa
contains lysozyme and defensins
the cilia moves dirty mucus to throat
air is warmed by capillaries
Define the nasal conchae
increase mucosal area and air turbulene
How does the nasal mucosa and conchae play a role in inhalation and exhalation
inhalation: filter, heat, and moisten air during
exhalation: reclaim heat and moisture
list and describe the functions of the paranasal sinuses
located within the frontal ,sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bone 3 functions 1) lighten weight of skull 2) secrete mucus 3) help warm and moisten air
define the pharynx and the 3 parts that form it
made of skeletal muscle
its a tube that connects nasal cavity and mouth to the larynx and esophagus
Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
define nasopharynx
air passageway to the back pf nasal cavity
pharyngeal tonsils located at the top
closes during swallowing due to soft palate and uvula
define oropharynx
passageway for food and air
located between soft palate and epiglottis
oral cavity opening
lined with non keratinized stratified squamous
define laryngopharynx and what type of tissue is it
passageway for food and air
starts superiorly at back of epiglottis
connects until it reaches diverting point: larynx ( anterior) and esophagus ( posterior)
made of stratified squamous epithelium
Where is the larynx located and what are the 2 functions
suspended from hyoid bone and connects with trachae
functions are to route air and food to appropriate channels and for voice production due to vocal folds
What 3 cartilages parts make up the laynx
thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage
What is the process of inspiration and what 2 muscles are used
muscles contract
diaphragm lowers
external intercostals contract
contraction ( causes rib cage to move up and diaphragm to move down)
gases will flow into lungs until intrapulmonary pressure is zero
What does inspiration do to intrapulmonary volumes and pressures
volume increases
pressure decreases
What is the process of exhalation and what muscles are used
muscles relax
diaphragm rises as external intercostals relax
RELAXATION: rib cages move down as diaphragm moves up
gases flow out of the lungs until intrapulmonary pressure is zero
What does exhalation do to intrapulmonary volumes and pressure
intrapulmonary volume decreases
intrapulmonary pressure increase
Define tidal volume
amount of air inhaled/exhaled with each breath under resting condition
Define Inspiratory Reserve Volume ( IRV)
amount of air forcefully inhaled after normal tidal inhale
Define Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
amount of air forcefully exhaled after normal tidal exhale
Define residual volume ( RV)
amount of air left after forced expiration
Define inspiratory capacity (IC) and the equation to solve it
max amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal tidal volume exhale
IC= TV+IRV
Functional residual capacity ( FRC)
air remaining in the lungs after a normal tidal volume exhale
FRC= ERV + RV
Define Vital Capacity ( VC)
max amount of air that can be exhaled after a max inhale
VC= TV+IRV+ERV
Define Total Lung capacity (TLC)
max amount of air contained in the lungs after a max inhale
TLC= TV+ IRV+ ERV+ RV
Define anatomical dead space
places that do not have gas exchange. this is air remaining in passageways ( ~150 mL)
Define alveolar dead space
non-functional alveoli. They are collapsed or blocked
What are 2 ways that oxygen is transported in blood
~1.5% dissolved in plasma
98.5% bound to iron on hemoglobin in RBCs
How many molecules of oxygen per Hb
4
Define Deoxy-hemoglobin
hemoglobin ( not bond with O2) is not very interesting in accepting oxygen
Explain how cooperativity leads to how oxygen binds and dissociates from hemoglobin
Once one oxygen attaches to one unit, the hemoglobin structure on the neighbor unit changes shape ( conformational change)
oxygen then binds to hemoglobin unit 2, which then activates a conformational change in unit 3
and so on until all units are full
How does dissociation work?
oxygen atom on one unit drops off and causes the oxygen atoms on the other units to also drop off
Why is cooperativity important
better efficiency at picking up and dropping off oxygen at the “right time”
Deine hemoglobin saturation
how many heme molecules have oxygen on an erythrocytes
100% saturation means all heme units full on an erythrocyte
What is normal hemoglobin saturation in the human body
95-99% saturation
What factors influence Hb saturation(3)
temperature
pH
hormones
How does temperature influence Hb saturation
higher temps = more dissociation
How does pH influence Hb saturation
more acidic pH = more o2 dissociation
more alkaline pH= reduce 02 dissociation
How does hormones influence Hb saturation
thyroid,growth,and androgens,etc
can lead to more dissociation
What are the 3 forms of carbon dioxide
plasma: 7-10%
on globin of hemoglobin: 20%
in plasma in the form of bicarbonate ion ( HCO3): 70%
Define Carbonate Ions
main transportation form from tissue to lungs
What does carbonic anhydrase do?
covert CO2+ H20 to H2CO3
What is the formula for carbonic acid breakdown
carbonic acid breaks down> bicarbonate ion and hydrogen
When is bicarbonate ready to release to the body
once the bicarbonate reached the pulmonary capillaries it is ready to be released from the body
What is the reverse reaction for carbon dixoide transport
co2 and h20 are produced and co2 can be exhaled
Can carbon dioxide bind to hemoglobin
yes. but not directly to heme
more so to the amino acid
What is the relationship between carbon dioxide and Hb
carbon dioxide affinity for Hb is inverse to oxygen
When Hb wants oxygen is the desire more or less for CO2
less desire for c02
when oxygen is not bound on hb is the desire more or less for C02
more desire for CO2
how do gases diffuse
based on partial pressure
define partial pressure
each gas molecule in a mixture of gases will exert its own pressure
Define dalton’s law
the total pressure in a certain space is the sum of the partial pressures
How do gases diffuse through liquids
gases mix within liquids relative to how much (partial) pressure they exert
What are 2 factors that are dependent on for the amount of each gas that will dissolve
Solubility
Temperture
How does solubility affect amount of gas that wll dissolve?
carbon dioxide can dissolve in water 20x > oxygen
How does temperature affect the amount of each gas that will dissolve?
higher temp= lower solubility
define external respiration
o2 + co2 exchange across respiratory membrane
What are 3 factors that external respiration is influenced by
1) thickness and surface area of membrane
2) partial pressure and gas solubility
3) ventilation-perfusion coulping
What is the partial pressure of oxygen in alveoli and capillaries in external respiration
104 mmHg
40 mmHg
How does the partial pressure of oxygen in alveoli and capillaries influences flow
causes oxygen to flow into blood ( Henry’s law)
What is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide of capillaries and alveoli during external respiration
capillaries: 45 mmHg
alveoli: 40 mmHg
IS OXYGEN SOLUBLE IN PLASMA
not very soluble in plasma. needs a big partial pressure gradient to diffuse from alveoli to plasma
is carbon dioxide soluble in plasma
carbon dioxide is much more soluble in plasma. needs a small partial pressure gradient to diffuse from plasma to alveoli
Define ventilation-perfusion coupling
bronchiole and pulmonary arteriole channels constrict or open based on the gas flow
Define perfusion
blood flow reaching alveoli
define ventilation
amount of gas reaching alveoli
How does high oxygen in the alveoli affect ventilation-perfusion coupling
increase ventilation
alveolar partial pressure increases and leads to dilation of arterioles
How does low oxygen in alveoli affect ventilation-perfusion coupling
decrease ventilation
alveolar oxygen partial pressure decreases
leads to constriction of arterioles
How does high co2 build up in the alveoli affect ventilation-perfusion coupling
bronchioles dilate
How does low co2 in the alveoli affect ventilation-perfusion coupling
bronchioles constrict
How are internal respiration and external respiration different in terms of partial pressue and diffusion gradient
internal respiration partial pressures and diffusion gradients are reversed
What is the tissue partial pressure of oxygen in internal respiration
partial pressure of oxygen is < than systemic arterial blood
What are the movements of oxygen and co2 in internal respiration
oxygen moves from blood to tissues
co2 moves from tissue to blood
Describe the thyroid cartilage in the larynx
largest amount
contains laryngeal prominence
adam’s apple
Describe cricoid cartilage
inferior to laryngeal prominence
describe epiglottis
flexible, elastic cartilage that is the opening to the trachea
What type of epithelium is the superior part of the larynx made of
stratified squamous epithelium
What type of epithelium is the larynx made of and what can it produce
pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium
it can produce mucus
What are the 2 folds of the larynx
upper fold: vestibular folds ( false vocal folds)
lower fold: true vocal folds ( vocal cords)
What is the space between the two folds of the larynx
glottis
define vestibular folds
false vocal cords
above vocal folds
no contribution to sounds
helps glottis close during swallowing
define vocal folds
true vocalcords
folds vibrate to sounds
as air moves up from lungs
How is voice production created
glottis opens and closes and the vibrations = sounds
define pitch
length and tensions of vocal cords
define loundness
force of air
define sounds quality (4 organs)
chambers of pharynx, oral,nasal,and sinus cavities
define language? what organs help form language ( 5)
movement of pharynx muscles, tongue, soft palate and lips
What is the epithelium of the trachea
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
What type of cartilage is trachea is made of
hyaline cartilage
Define the lumen of the trachea
inner space of the trachea
define the trachealis and what does cough do to the diameter
contracts during coughing to expel mucus
cough constricts diameter of the trachea
How does cough effect the diameter of the trachae
smaller diameter increase of pressure which means greater rate of air flow
define the carina of trachea
last band of cartilage before trachea splits into bronchi
Is the mucus of the carina sensitive
mucus in the carina most sensitive for inducing cough reflex
What is the conducting zone structures
trachea > right and left primary bronchi> secondary bronchi> tertiary bronchi> and segments further divide repeatedly> bronchioles ( <1mm diameter) > terminal bronchioles ( <0.5 mm diameter)
How is the right promary bronchi different from the left
right is more wider, shorter, more vertical
How is the secondary bronchi left and right different
3 on the right lung
2 on the left lung
What is the bronchi made of
cartilage and mucous membrane same as trachea
contains smooth muscle layer
As the bronchi branch into smaller diameter, they change by….. ( 3)
1) reducing amount of hyaline cartilage ( absent in bronchioles)
2) transitioning to simple cuboidal then the squamous epithelium
3) increasing amount of smooth muscles
What is the diameter of the bronchioles
<1 mm diameter
what is the diameter of the terminal bronchioles
<0.5 mm diameter
When does the respiratory zone start
terminal branches
What are the 2 respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveolar sacs
What does the alveolar sacs contain
alveoli clusters
about ~300 million in lung volume
site of gas exchange
Define the respiratory membrane
membrane between the alveolar spaces and capillary blood
3 components of the respiratory membrane
alveolar wall
capillary wall
basement membrane
How thin is the respiratory membrane
very thinn ~0.5 microns
In the respiratory membrane how does gas exchange occur
through simple diffusion
How many alveoli do people have and what does it contain
each person has ~480 million alveoli
contain pulmonary capillaries
alveolar pores
define alveolar pores
connect to adjacent alveoli
balance the air pressure throughout the alveoli
What are the 2 types of alveolar cells
pneumocytes
macrophages
Describe type 1 pneumocytes cells
majority of alveoli
squamous epithelial cells
Describe type 2 pneumocytes
secrete pulmonary surfactant > improve gas exchange by reducing surface tension of water
Is the tension of water and air big in type 2 pnemocytes
not such a big difference between air and water and allow alveoli to reexpand
Define macrophages
prevent and fight infections
What are lungs made of
mostly of alveoli
define costal surface of the lungs
surface touching the ribs
Define the roots of the lungs
where the bronchi and blood vessels of lungs attach to the mediastinum
Define hilum of the lungs
place where blood vessels,bronchi,lymphatic vessels and nerves enter and exit the lungs ( place of the root on the lungs)
define apex of lung
superior tip
define base of lung
inferior surface
on top of the diaphragm
Compare the left lung to the right
left: smaller then the right due to cardiac notch( where the left side of the heart sits)
What are lungs lobes separated
by fissures
What are the fissures of the left lungs
separated superior/inferior: oblique fissures
What are the fissures of the right lung
superior middle inferior with the horizontal and oblique fissure each tertiary bronchus serves a different lobe
List the sequence of the pulmonary circulation
pulmonary truck branches into pulmonary arteries
pulmonary arteries branch into arterioles> one arteriole/venule pair serve each lobe
pulmonary capillary network surround alveoli ( for external respiration)
pulmonary veins exit the hilum and go back to the heart
What does the parasympathetic nervous system do to the bronchioles
bronchoconstriction
What does the sympathetic nervous system do to the brochioles?
bronchodilation
What are the 3 different systems of pressure within the lungs compared to atmospheric pressure
intrapulmonary pressure
intrapleural pressure
transpulmonary pressure
Define atmospheric pressure ( P atm)
pressure that is in the air surrounding the body
compare negative respiratory pressure and atmospheric pressure
negative respiratory pressure= less than Patm
compare positive respiratory pressure to atmospheric pressure
positive respiratory pressure= greater than P atm
Compare zero respiratory pressure to atmospheric pressure
zero respiratory presure= atmospheric pressure
Define intrapulmonary pressure
pressure in the alveoli
changes with breathing
equalized P atm
Define intrapleural pressure (Pip)
Pressure in pleural cavity
changes with breathing
always a negative pressure with intrapulmonary pressure(
Why does fluid levels in the pleural cavity must be minimal?
excess fluid is pumped out by lymphatics
excess fluid= lung collapse + ( Pip pressure)
Define transpulmonary pressure ( Ppul-Pip)
the pressure that keeps airways open
the difference between the intrapulmonary and intrapleural
should always be positive
