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A&P > Immune System > Flashcards

Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

Define innate defenses

A

help prevent diseases
they are available since birth
reduce the likelihood of acquiring diseases

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2
Q

How does skin protect the body

A

Has high levels of keratin that makes it resistant to acids, bases, enzymes, and toxins

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3
Q

How does nasal hairs protect the body

A

filter and trap microbes

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4
Q

How does cilia protect the body

A

move dirty mucus away from the air passages and nasal cavity

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5
Q

How does gastric juice protect the body

A

acidic pH of stomach with enzymes to destroy bacteria

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6
Q

How does lacrimal secretions protect the body

A

cleanse eyes and oral cavity ( contain lysozyme) . these are tears and saliva

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7
Q

How does urine protect the body

A

acidic pH inhibit bacterial growth

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8
Q

Where is acid ( acid mantle) located and its effect

A

Location: skin, vagina, mucus, urinary tract
Effect: inhibits bacterial growth

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9
Q

Where is lysozyme located and its effect

A

Location: salvia, respiratory mucus, lacrimal fluids or eye
Effects: destroys bacteria

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10
Q

Where are pepsin located and its effect

A

Location: stomach enzyme
Effect: destroys bacteria

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11
Q

Where is mucin located and what is its effect

A

Location: mucus membrane
Effect: thick and sticky( able to trap microorganisms)

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12
Q

Where is defensins located and what are there effects

A

Location: mucus membranes and skin
Effects: antimicrobial properties and control microbial colonization

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13
Q

Where is “ lipids in sebum and dermcidin” located and what are there effects?

A

Location: sweat
Effect: toxic to bacteria

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14
Q

What happens when surface barriers are breached?

A

an inflammatory response triggers second line of defense. Special receptors recognize foreign invaders. These special receptors are on the surface of macrophages and dendritic cells

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15
Q

What are the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation

A

1) redness
2) heat
3) swelling
4) pain
5) loss of function

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16
Q

When do granulocytes become phagocytic

A

When confronted with pathogens. ex are neutrophils, macrophages, dendrite cells, mast cells

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17
Q

What is phagocytosis

A

phagocytes engulf pathogens into a vesicle.it only works if the pathogen adheres to the phagocyte

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18
Q

What are phagocyte vesicle fused with

A

lysosome. becomes phagolysosome. the lysosome destroys the microbe

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19
Q

How do some bacteria disguise themselves and how does our immune system combat that?

A

within capsules so they don’t bind to phagocytes. We coat them with antibodies ( opsonins)

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20
Q

What are natural killer cells

A

cells that can kill off cancer cells or virus infected cells

part of a group called large granular lymphocytes

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21
Q

What type of cell do Natural Killer cells target

A

abnormal cells. do not contain a cell surface protein called MHC. NK cells will induce them to go through apoptosis

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22
Q

What release “ alarm” chemicals during inflammation

A

released by stressed tissue cells or basophilic/ mast cells

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23
Q

Where do basophils circulate

A

blood

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24
Q

Where are mast cells located

A

In connective tissues and mucus

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25
Q

What do Macrophages contain? How are they activated? What does it lead to?

A

Toll-like Receptors ( TLRs)
located on cell membrane
activated by antigens from foreign invaders
leads to a downstream immune response

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26
Q

What do inflammatory chemicals promote

A

vasodilation of arterioles and induce pain

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27
Q

What are Kinins? What do they promote

A

inflammatory chemical
induce vasodilation
helps with leukocyte movement( chemotaxis)
stimulate a pathway which leads to pain

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28
Q

What are prostaglandins? What do they stimulate?

A

inflammatory chemical
stimulate coagulation
initiate labor and regulation of ovulation in women
produced from membrane phospholipids

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29
Q

What 2 properties does inflammation cause

A

vasodilation and vascular permeability

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30
Q

What does vasodilation lead to

A

redness and heat

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31
Q

What does the 2 properties of inflamation allow for

A

allows for exudate to reach tissues
fluid with clotting factors and antibiotics
exudates leads to pain via compression of the nerve ending
pain also caused by bacterial toxins

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32
Q

What are interferons and what do they activate

A

proteins that are sent by cells infected by viruses to uninfected cells. They function as antivirals
They activate nk cells and macrophages ( secreted from lymphocytes)

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33
Q

What are complement proteins/plasma proteins and what do they activate

A

proteins that “complement” both innate and adaptive defenses. are produced in liver cells. lyse and kill certain bacteria
activated by release inflammatory chemicals
actives inflammatory events

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34
Q

When are complement proteins inactive

A

in blood until stimulated

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35
Q

T or F: Complement activation is explosive

A

True. activation increases more activation. for this reason is has to be tightly regulated because it can damage the host tissue

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36
Q

What are the 3 ways that complement proteins can protect against infection

A

1) Opsonization of pathogens: bind to surface of pathogens. Opsonization allows them to be swallowed by phagocytes
2) fragments of complements proteins recruit and activate more macrophages and neutrophil
3) lyse certain kinds of bacteria by drilling holes into their membranes

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37
Q

What is a fever

A

leukocytes and macrophages release pyrogens. Act on hypothalamus nerves and causes body temp to rise

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38
Q

Define adaptive immune system

A

defense system that is specific for targeting almost any type of pathogen. It is specific and systemic ( not restricted to infection site).
Contains “memory” recognize redundant pathogens

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39
Q

Define humoral immunity

A

antibodies available in the fluids ( humors) of the body

B cells

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40
Q

Define cellular immunity

A

protection by living cells to attack living cells
direct attack or indirect attacks ( release chemicals for inflammation or activation cells)
T cells

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41
Q

Compare and contrast protein antigens to carbohydrate antigens

A

protein antigens more complex
carbohydrate antigens located in bacterial cell walls and red blood cells
protein antigens found on viruses and worm parasites

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42
Q

What are are MHC proteins

A

Major histocompatibility complex
Cell surface proteins
Identifies the cell as self and receive foreign antigens

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43
Q

What are MHC 1 proteins? What are there functions

A

On the surface of all tissues cells ( except RBC)
Function: display what is going on in body cells
Produced in cells and move to the cell surface

44
Q

What are MHC 1 tagged with

A

Fragments of inner cell peptides called endogenous

45
Q

Define MHC 2 and what is its function

A

Found on antigrn presenting cells
Base produced inside peptides for tagging by exogenous
Antigens are the engulfed and tagged… will move to cell surface

46
Q

What are antigen-presenting cells ( 3 different type of cells)

A

Phagocytic meaning dendrites, macrophages, b cells

47
Q

What do APC do to acitive b and t cells

A

Engulf antigens to activate the specific immune responses of B and T cells

48
Q

What do macrophages stimulate

A

Stimulate t cells to release cytokines.

Cytokines strengthen phagocytosis

49
Q

What are the role of dendritic cells in resource to APC

A

Bring antigens to lymph nodes where t cells are located to carr immune response to the infected site

50
Q

What so B cells in reference to APC

A

Stimulate antibody secretion

51
Q

What is primary immune response in humoral immunity and what 2 cells do they release

A

Antigens bind to b cells causing b cells to divide
New cells differentiate into either plasma cells ( which secrete 2000 molecules of antibodies)
Or long lived memory cells

52
Q

What is secondary immune response in humoral immunity

A

Memory cells recongnize “returning” antigens

Antibody production is significantly more rapid than a repsonse from new antigens

53
Q

What is active humoral immunity and the 2 ways we acquire it

A

When the body produce antibodies against antigens

1) naturally acquired ( response from infections)
2) artificially acquired ( receive a vaccine)

54
Q

What is passive humoral immunity and what are the two ways we acquire it

A

Antibodies are introduced into body

1) naturally ( antibodies passed to fetus)
2) artifically ( antibodies from immune donor)

55
Q

What are the basic antibody structure

A

Contains 4 looping polypeptides chains called antibody monomers
Symmetrical ( containing either a T or Y shape)
Has 2 heavy chains and 2 light chains
Both chains have a variable (v) regions and constant (c) regions

56
Q

What is the antigen binding site

A

V region

57
Q

What type of class is IgM? What does it secrete and what does it activate

A

Pentamer
Secrete first by plasma cells
Activates complement (opsonization)

58
Q

What class is IgA. Where is it found and what is its function

A

Dimer
Found in body secretions
Stops pathogens from binding to epithelial surface

59
Q

What class of antibody is IgD? Wher is it found and what is its function

A

Monomer
On b cells
Signals for b cell activation

60
Q

What class of antibody is IgG? What is its function?

A

Monomer
Most abundent antibody
Majority of antibody based immunity

61
Q

What class of antibody is IgE? What is its function

A

Monomer

Binds allergens and triggers basophils or mast cells to release histamine for inflammation or allergenic reaction

62
Q

What does PLAN represent in antigen/ antibody complex

A

P: precipitation
L: lysis
A:aggulutination
N: neutralization

63
Q

Define precipitation

A

Antibodies form soluble mesh to trap antigens

64
Q

Define lysis

A

Complement activation meaning bacteria to lyse

65
Q

Define aggulutination

A

Free antigens of antigens on cells are clumped by network of antibodies

66
Q

Define neutralization

A

Antibodies bind around bacteria or virus tovstop its function

67
Q

What type of receptors do T cells contain

A

T cells receptors thst bind and recognize antigens

68
Q

What properties do t cells contain in relationship to what regions they have on antibodies

A

Variable and constant regions

69
Q

How many receptors do each t cells produce

A

Produces only one kind of receptor. So each t cell is specific to each kind of antigen

70
Q

What 2 types of cells do immature t cells differentiate into

A

Cd4 and cd8

71
Q

Define cd4 cells

A

Helper t cells ( bind to mhc 2) or regulatory t cells

72
Q

Define cd8

A

Cytotoxic t cells ( bind to mhc 1) or memory t cells

73
Q

What percentage of immature t cell will die

A

98% will die

74
Q

What does t cell maturation determine

A

What type they will become and if they function properly

75
Q

What is the first step of t cell maturation

A

Starts with immature t cells in the thymus ( thymocyte)

76
Q

What receptors do thymocytes start with

A

Start with all 3 ( tcr, cd4,cd8) but not all 3 receptors will work properly

77
Q

What is the process of figuring out what the thymocyte will differentiate into

A

Process of elimation

78
Q

What are the 3 stages of t cell maturation

A

Beta selection
Positive selection
Negative selection

79
Q

What is being determined in the beta selection

A

do t cells have proper t cell receptors ( TCR)

80
Q

Where are TCRs located and what percentage of thymocytes contain them

A

Located on the surface of t cells

5 %

81
Q

What happens durring beta selection if the cells does not have proper TCRs

A

die by apoptosis

82
Q

What is the role of t cell recpetors ( TCRs)

A

accept self antigens from the antigen presenting cells. Fundamental for T cells to accept and be activated by antigens

83
Q

What is being determined in positive selection step

A

thymocytes with TRCs are tested for whether they can bind to MHC or 1 or II proteins with antigens. It weeds out the ones that are too weak/unresponsive

84
Q

How does the cells pass the postive selection step

A

if they can at least bind to the MHC weakly they pass

cannot bind= apoptosis

85
Q

What is detected in the negative selection

A

detecting wheater some thymocytes are too strongly reactive

86
Q

How is negative selection tested

A

with self antigens.

87
Q

What is being determined during the negative selection

A

weeding out the ones that could cause autoimmune disease

88
Q

What 2 cells are used in cellular immunity

A

CD4+ and CD8+

89
Q

cd4+ signals for help by….

A

MHC II proteins

when MHC II are loaded with foreign antigens

90
Q

CD8+ cells activated by…..

A

MHC I proteins

also tag cell as healthy or abnormal by the antigens binding to MHC I proteins

91
Q

How are T cells activated

A

activated by APCs

92
Q

Define antigen binding

A

T cells bind to APCs and receive the antigen

93
Q

define co-stimulation

A

activation of the T cell by the interaction with APC.This step must occur to activate a T cells

94
Q

What is the 4 role of Helper T cells

A

1) Help activate b/t cells
2) binds to b cells and this causes t helper to release cytokines causing b cells divide rapidly
3) help activate CD8 that then activate cytotoxic t cells
4) release cytokines and this attracts WBCs to area, mobilize lymphocytes and macrophages

95
Q

What is the role of cytotoxic t cells

A

can directly attack and kill other cells.

It looks for foreign or abnormal antigens on cells

96
Q

How are cytotoxic cells different from natural killer cells

A

cytotoxic t cells look for foreign or abnormal antigens on cells
NK cells look for absent/ incomplete MHC I proteins

97
Q

What 2 forms of attacks due cytotoxic cells use

A

Perforins and Granzymes

98
Q

What are perforins

A

glycoproteins that drills into target cell membrane

99
Q

What are granzymes

A

proteases that induce apoptosis in target cells/virus/etc

100
Q

What are the 3 roles of regulatory cells

A

dampen the immune responses
act through divert contact or inhibit cytokines
prevent autoimmune reactions

101
Q

How are regulatory cells produced

A

produced from some thymocytes that passed the maturation process

102
Q

Why does immune tolerance occur

A

to not launch attacks against reoccurring exposures. to prevent matural immune attacks on fetus in the womb

103
Q

In what way does grafting uses immune tolerance

A

patients are exposed ti doses of the donor antigens before the procedure to reduce reaction`

104
Q

Define antigens

A

generally foreign molecules that triggers an immune response in the body

105
Q

What are antigenic determinants

A

epitopes
the specific part of the molecules that trigger an immune response
antigens can contain many antigenic determinants

106
Q

Can multiple T cells bind to the antigens due to having many epitopes

A

yes

A&P (9 decks)

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