Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

A&P > Reproductive > Flashcards

Reproductive Flashcards

1
Q

what are female and males primary sex organs ( gonads)

A

male: testes
females: ovaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What do the gonads produce for both male and females

A

produce the gametes

male: sperm
female: ova/egg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What sex hormones do gonards secrete

A

males: androgens( testosterone)
females: estrogen and progesterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the path for reproductive hormones

A

1) hypothalamus secrete gonadotropin-releasing hormone( GnRH) to pituitary.
2) pituitary release follicle stimulating hormone( FSH) and Luteinizing hormone (LH) into blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are 3 accessory glands in the male reproductive system and what is the purpose

A

PURPOSE: helps to secrete important stuff into ducts for ejaculation
seminal glands
prostate
bulbo-urethral glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the scrotum

A

contains paired testes at 34c
needed for successful sperm production
muscles raises testes and keep scrotum close to body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What 2 layers surround the testes

A

1) tunica vaginalis ( outer)

2) tunica albuginea ( inner, fibrous)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How many lobules do the testes divide into

A

each testis divides into about 250 lobules containing about 1-4 seminiferous tubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the function of seminiferous tubules

3 sperm functions

A

produce testosterone and secret it into the interstitial fluid
involved in sperm germination,maturation, motility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the role of the spermatic cord in the testes

A

spermatic cord ( nerve fivers,blood vessels,and lymphatics)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the 3 parts of the penis

A

glans of penis: tip of penis
shaft of penis
foreskin: prepuce

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is erectile tissue and what are the two parts of it

A

connective tissue and smooth muscle

1) corpus spongiosum: surrounds the urethra
2) corpus cavernosa: contains deep arteries for erection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Define an erection

A

when the erectile tissue fill with blood

causes penis to become rigid and larger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the 4 male ducts and the function

A

FUNCTION: carry sperm from testes to exterior

1) Epididymis
2) Vas Ductus/ Deferens
3) Ejaculatory Duct ( connect btwn seminal vessicle and prostate)
4) urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How long is the epididymis?

What is the function of the epididymis?

A

about 6m in length
absorbs testicular fluid and passes nutrients to stored sperm
epididymis contracts and forces sperm into the vas deferens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What happens to nonmotile sperm in the epididymis

A

enters slowly and become motile after 20 days. Can be stored for several months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the function of the vas/ductus deferens and what is a vasectomy

A

join ducts of seminal vesicle to form ejaculatory duct

vasectomy: cutting and ligating the vas deferens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where are seminal glands located?
What type of muscle is it made of?
What is the function

A

posterior to the bladder
made of smooth muscle ( contracts during ejaculation)
produce alkaline seminal fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Describe seminal fluid

A

fluoresces with uv light
70% volume of semen
contains: fructose,citric acid, coagulating enzymes and prostaglandins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where is the prostate located?
What type of tissue is it made of?
What does it secrete?

A

beneath the bladder
contains smooth muscle( contracts in ejaculation)
secretes a bit of acidic and milky fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does the milky fluid the prostate secrete made of and what are its functions

A

contains: citrate,enzymes, and prostate-specific antigens
helps to active sperm
enters urethra in ejaculation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are 3 diseases related to the prostate

A

1) Prostatitis
2) Benign prostatic hyperplasia
3) Prostate Cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Define prostatitis

A

inflammation

bacterial infection: treated with antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Define benigh prostatic hyperplasia

A

enlarged prostate
age related distorts urethra
treated with surgery,microwaves,drugs,and more

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Define prostate cancer
1st most common cancer in males screening for psa levels treatedwith surgery,radiation,castration or drugs
26
What are the 6 functions of sperm
1) Suppresses female immune responses 2) ATP for energy 3) enzymes and hormones for sperm motility 4) antibacterial action 5) declotting factors for more fluids semen 6) contains prostaglandins which lower mucus thickness in cervix
27
What is semen? | what does it contain?
sperm + accessory gland fluids for every 2-4mL of semen: 20-150 million sperm contains fructose for ATP production alkaline which neutralizes urethra and female vagina: enhanced motility
28
What does the fructose in semen aid in(3)
atp production protects and activates sperm allow sperm to move
29
Explain how a male erection is accomplished?
``` sexual excitement release nitric oxide ( NO) dilates blood vessels venous blood drainage slows erectile tissues fills with blood penis enlarges and stiffens ```
30
Explain how ejaculation is accomplished
semen pushes through from duct system bladder sphincter muscle constricts ( no urine in the semen) series of contractions from the bulbospongious muscles semen expelled at 500 cm/s at climax/orgasm
31
What is erectile dysfunction and what 5 causes of it
not enough nitric oxide released 1) alcohol 2) drugs 3) hormones 4) blood vessels or nervous system problems 5) veins valves in penis cannot hold back the blood enough
32
What are the bulbourethral glands and what are the 3 functions
``` cowper's gland pea sized glands behind the prostate 1)produces a thick, clear mucus during arousal 2)lubricates the glans of the penis 3)neutralizes the acidic pH of uterus ```
33
What 2 hormones signal for testosterone to be released at the start of puberty
FSH and LH
34
How does sperm counts stimulate inhibityory pathways to turn off GnRH and FSH and drop in the sperm count will turn it on again
high sperm count
35
What are the 2 roles of testosterone in the male body
1) starts spermatogenesis | 2) has anabolic effects in the body
36
What does a deficiency in testosterone cause
atrophy less semen complications with erection and ejaculation
37
What are the 2 roles of the ovaries
1) produces the ova/egg | 2) also secretes female sex hormones: estrogen ( estradiol), estrone, estriol and progesterone
38
What are 3 accessory ducts of the female reproductive system
uterine tubes uterus vagina
39
Define the outer cortex region of the ovaries
contains the forming ova
40
Define the inner medulla of the ovaries
contains large blood vessels and nerves
41
Define the ovarian follicles of the ovaries
contains immature egg ( oocyte)
42
What are the 4 steps in development of the follicles
1) primordial follicles: first follicle cells and oocyte 2) vestibular follicle: fully mature follicle 3) ovulation: ejecting the oocyte from the maturing follicle 4) corpus luteum: develops after ovulation ( after follicle breaks open)
43
Define the 4 functions of the uterine/fallopian tubes
1) receive the ovulated ovum 2) site of fertilization 3) ovum moved along the ciliary action 4) nonciliated cells give nutrition to ovum and sperm
44
What is the uterus and what is the function
hollow and thick walled muscular organ that receive,retains,nourish the zygote
45
What is the fundus of the uterus
top round portion
46
What is the isthmus of the uterus
bottom,narrow portion ( start of the cervix)
47
What is the cervix
the neck or outlet of the uterus that connects to the vagina
48
What is the cervical glands
secrete mucus that blocks sperm entry except during midcycle ( ovulation)
49
What is the spiral arteries of the uterus
degenerate and regenerate | spasms lead to the shredding of the functionalis
50
What are the 3 layers of the uterine wall
1) perimentrium( outer layer) 2) myometrium( smooth muscle layer) 3) endometrium( made of stratum functionalis and stratum basalis)
51
Define stratum functionalis
changes from ovarian hormone cycles | shred during menstration
52
Define stratum basalis
forms a new functionalis after menstration | unresponsive to ovarian hormones
53
What is the vagina
birth canal and organ of copulation thin walled tube mucosa near vagina orifice forms hymen
54
What are the 5 external genitalia of the female reproductive system
1) mons pubis: fatty area 2) labia majora: hair-covered fatty skin folds 3) labia minora: skin folds within labia majora 4) clitoris: with a glans and prepuce 5) Bartholin Glands: release mucus for lubrication
55
Define mammary glands
modified sweat glands with 15-25 lobes | contains lobules which contain grandular alveoli ( produce milk)
56
Define areola
pigmented skin around nipple
57
Pathway of milk production
Alveoli> lactiferous ducts> lactiferous sinus leaves the nipple
58
Where does breast cancer start and what are some of the risk factors(4)
usually arises in the ducts can lead to ovarian cancer 1) early start of menstruation or late menopause 2) no pregnancies or first pregnancies late in life 3) absent breast feeding or only for a short while 4) family history
59
What mutation is worse in breast cancer
BRCA1 mutations are more serious | high risk of both breast and ovarian cancers
60
What is oogenesis
making the female gametes | takes years to complete
61
When does oogenesis begins
begins within the fetus 1) oogonia ( diploid ovarian stem cells) divide via mitosis 2) primary oocytes develop in the primordial follicles 3) then the oocytes go through meiosis and 1 month at ovulation
62
What occurs after primary oocytes goes through meiosis
2 haploid cells made 1) secondary oocyte: large cell,contains cytoplasm and organelles of original cell 2) first polarbody: small cell, does not contain the organelles
63
What is the seondary oocyte
ovulated ovum will deteriorate if not fertilized by sperm if fertilized it will go through meiosis 2
64
What occurs if the secondary oocyte is fertalized
1) ovum ( functional gamete) | 2) second polar body ( will deteriorate)
65
Give three facts about spermatogenesis
4 viable sperm error rate 3-4% starts at puberty
66
What are 4 facts about oogenesis
1) 1 viable gamete and 3 polar bodies 2) error rate=20% 3) unequal divisions provide oocytes with enough nutrients for 6-7 days out of uterus 4) all occytes made by time a female is born
67
What are the 3 phases of the ovarian cycle and what is the time period
28 day cycle 1) follicular phase( period of follicular growth DAY 1-14) 2) Ovulation ( midcycle) 3) Luteal phase ( corpus luteum activity DAY 14-28)
68
What percentage of women have a 28 day cycle
10-15%
69
Which parts of the ovarian cycle are constant and which vary
follicular phase varies | luteal phase is constant: always 14 days from ovulation to end of cycle
70
Define ovulation
ovary wall ruptures and expels the secondary oocyte
71
Describe the follicular phase
increasing estrogen levels =more stratum functionalis layer mucus layers in cervix changes consistency from rising estrogen which will allow sperm to pass through more successfully ovulation occurs at the end of this period
72
Describe the luteal phase
endometrium prepares for the embryo progesterone levels increases,causing 1) mucus plug in cervix 2) endometrial glandssecrete nutrients
73
Define menstrual cycle
ovarian hormones are the lowest stratum functionalis menstraual flow 3-5 days at about day 5 ovarian follicles produce more estrogen
74
What happens if fertilization does not occur
``` the corpus luteum breaks down progesterone levels decrease the spiral arteries kink and spasm the endometrial cells begins to die blood fragments released from the arteries ```
75
What are the 4 effects of estrogen
1) promotes oogenesis and follicle growth in ovaries 2) create secondary characteristics( breast, development of fat in breasts and hips, widening and lengthening of the pelvis) 3) keeps total blood cholesterol levels low and HDL levels high 4) helps regulate calcium uptake
76
What are the 1 effects of progesterone
increases the amount of cervical mucus
77
What ar e2 reasons placental progesterone is useful
1) stopping uterine motility | 2) prepares breasts for lactation
78
What are the endocrine regulation during early follicular phase
follicles are growing FSH secretion occurs a bit LH levels increase slowly growing follicles increase estrogen production
79
What are the endocrine regulations during late follicular phase
mature follicles prepares for ovulation estrogen signals for FSH to secrete less estrogen levels continue to spike
80
What are the endocrine regulation during ovulation
``` ovum released from ovary estrogen levels peak progesterone levels begin to rise LH is released rapidly as LH is released,estrogen levels start to decrease and progesterone increases ```
81
What are the endocrine regulation during the lutela phase
progesterone increase from corpus luteum LH and FSH start decreasing w/o pregnancy,progesterone levels decrease
82
What cause female orgasms
start with touch and psychological stimuli blood fills within the clitoris,breasts, and within the vagina female orgasms most lively are exclusively stimulated by clitoral stimulation not vaginal bartholin glands secrete lubrication orgasm is rhythmic contractions within the uterus and vagina
83
Define meopause, its symptoms, and how it is treated
from a decline in estrogen levels occur around 50 years of age - irritability and depression in some -hot flashes from vasodilation of skin blood vessels -gradual thinning of skin and bone loss -total cholesterol levels to increase and drop HDL treatment: estrogen

A&P (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions