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A&P > Reproductive > Flashcards

Reproductive Flashcards

1
Q

what are female and males primary sex organs ( gonads)

A

male: testes
females: ovaries

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2
Q

What do the gonads produce for both male and females

A

produce the gametes

male: sperm
female: ova/egg

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3
Q

What sex hormones do gonards secrete

A

males: androgens( testosterone)
females: estrogen and progesterone

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4
Q

What is the path for reproductive hormones

A

1) hypothalamus secrete gonadotropin-releasing hormone( GnRH) to pituitary.
2) pituitary release follicle stimulating hormone( FSH) and Luteinizing hormone (LH) into blood

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5
Q

What are 3 accessory glands in the male reproductive system and what is the purpose

A

PURPOSE: helps to secrete important stuff into ducts for ejaculation
seminal glands
prostate
bulbo-urethral glands

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6
Q

What is the scrotum

A

contains paired testes at 34c
needed for successful sperm production
muscles raises testes and keep scrotum close to body

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7
Q

What 2 layers surround the testes

A

1) tunica vaginalis ( outer)

2) tunica albuginea ( inner, fibrous)

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8
Q

How many lobules do the testes divide into

A

each testis divides into about 250 lobules containing about 1-4 seminiferous tubules

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9
Q

What is the function of seminiferous tubules

3 sperm functions

A

produce testosterone and secret it into the interstitial fluid
involved in sperm germination,maturation, motility

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10
Q

What is the role of the spermatic cord in the testes

A

spermatic cord ( nerve fivers,blood vessels,and lymphatics)

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11
Q

What are the 3 parts of the penis

A

glans of penis: tip of penis
shaft of penis
foreskin: prepuce

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12
Q

What is erectile tissue and what are the two parts of it

A

connective tissue and smooth muscle

1) corpus spongiosum: surrounds the urethra
2) corpus cavernosa: contains deep arteries for erection

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13
Q

Define an erection

A

when the erectile tissue fill with blood

causes penis to become rigid and larger

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14
Q

What are the 4 male ducts and the function

A

FUNCTION: carry sperm from testes to exterior

1) Epididymis
2) Vas Ductus/ Deferens
3) Ejaculatory Duct ( connect btwn seminal vessicle and prostate)
4) urethra

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15
Q

How long is the epididymis?

What is the function of the epididymis?

A

about 6m in length
absorbs testicular fluid and passes nutrients to stored sperm
epididymis contracts and forces sperm into the vas deferens

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16
Q

What happens to nonmotile sperm in the epididymis

A

enters slowly and become motile after 20 days. Can be stored for several months

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17
Q

What is the function of the vas/ductus deferens and what is a vasectomy

A

join ducts of seminal vesicle to form ejaculatory duct

vasectomy: cutting and ligating the vas deferens

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18
Q

Where are seminal glands located?
What type of muscle is it made of?
What is the function

A

posterior to the bladder
made of smooth muscle ( contracts during ejaculation)
produce alkaline seminal fluid

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19
Q

Describe seminal fluid

A

fluoresces with uv light
70% volume of semen
contains: fructose,citric acid, coagulating enzymes and prostaglandins

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20
Q

Where is the prostate located?
What type of tissue is it made of?
What does it secrete?

A

beneath the bladder
contains smooth muscle( contracts in ejaculation)
secretes a bit of acidic and milky fluid

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21
Q

What does the milky fluid the prostate secrete made of and what are its functions

A

contains: citrate,enzymes, and prostate-specific antigens
helps to active sperm
enters urethra in ejaculation

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22
Q

What are 3 diseases related to the prostate

A

1) Prostatitis
2) Benign prostatic hyperplasia
3) Prostate Cancer

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23
Q

Define prostatitis

A

inflammation

bacterial infection: treated with antibodies

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24
Q

Define benigh prostatic hyperplasia

A

enlarged prostate
age related distorts urethra
treated with surgery,microwaves,drugs,and more

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25
Q

Define prostate cancer

A

1st most common cancer in males
screening for psa levels
treatedwith surgery,radiation,castration or drugs

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26
Q

What are the 6 functions of sperm

A

1) Suppresses female immune responses
2) ATP for energy
3) enzymes and hormones for sperm motility
4) antibacterial action
5) declotting factors for more fluids semen
6) contains prostaglandins which lower mucus thickness in cervix

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27
Q

What is semen?

what does it contain?

A

sperm + accessory gland fluids
for every 2-4mL of semen: 20-150 million sperm
contains fructose for ATP production
alkaline which neutralizes urethra and female vagina: enhanced motility

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28
Q

What does the fructose in semen aid in(3)

A

atp production
protects and activates sperm
allow sperm to move

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29
Q

Explain how a male erection is accomplished?

A 
sexual excitement
release nitric oxide ( NO) dilates blood vessels
venous blood drainage slows
erectile tissues fills with blood
penis enlarges and stiffens
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30
Q

Explain how ejaculation is accomplished

A

semen pushes through from duct system
bladder sphincter muscle constricts ( no urine in the semen)
series of contractions from the bulbospongious muscles
semen expelled at 500 cm/s at climax/orgasm

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31
Q

What is erectile dysfunction and what 5 causes of it

A

not enough nitric oxide released

1) alcohol
2) drugs
3) hormones
4) blood vessels or nervous system problems
5) veins valves in penis cannot hold back the blood enough

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32
Q

What are the bulbourethral glands and what are the 3 functions

A 
cowper's gland
pea sized glands behind the prostate
1)produces a thick, clear mucus during arousal
2)lubricates the glans of the penis
3)neutralizes the acidic pH of uterus
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33
Q

What 2 hormones signal for testosterone to be released at the start of puberty

A

FSH and LH

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34
Q

How does sperm counts stimulate inhibityory pathways to turn off GnRH and FSH and drop in the sperm count will turn it on again

A

high sperm count

35
Q

What are the 2 roles of testosterone in the male body

A

1) starts spermatogenesis

2) has anabolic effects in the body

36
Q

What does a deficiency in testosterone cause

A

atrophy
less semen
complications with erection and ejaculation

37
Q

What are the 2 roles of the ovaries

A

1) produces the ova/egg

2) also secretes female sex hormones: estrogen ( estradiol), estrone, estriol and progesterone

38
Q

What are 3 accessory ducts of the female reproductive system

A

uterine tubes
uterus
vagina

39
Q

Define the outer cortex region of the ovaries

A

contains the forming ova

40
Q

Define the inner medulla of the ovaries

A

contains large blood vessels and nerves

41
Q

Define the ovarian follicles of the ovaries

A

contains immature egg ( oocyte)

42
Q

What are the 4 steps in development of the follicles

A

1) primordial follicles: first follicle cells and oocyte
2) vestibular follicle: fully mature follicle
3) ovulation: ejecting the oocyte from the maturing follicle
4) corpus luteum: develops after ovulation ( after follicle breaks open)

43
Q

Define the 4 functions of the uterine/fallopian tubes

A

1) receive the ovulated ovum
2) site of fertilization
3) ovum moved along the ciliary action
4) nonciliated cells give nutrition to ovum and sperm

44
Q

What is the uterus and what is the function

A

hollow and thick walled muscular organ that receive,retains,nourish the zygote

45
Q

What is the fundus of the uterus

A

top round portion

46
Q

What is the isthmus of the uterus

A

bottom,narrow portion ( start of the cervix)

47
Q

What is the cervix

A

the neck or outlet of the uterus that connects to the vagina

48
Q

What is the cervical glands

A

secrete mucus that blocks sperm entry except during midcycle ( ovulation)

49
Q

What is the spiral arteries of the uterus

A

degenerate and regenerate

spasms lead to the shredding of the functionalis

50
Q

What are the 3 layers of the uterine wall

A

1) perimentrium( outer layer)
2) myometrium( smooth muscle layer)
3) endometrium( made of stratum functionalis and stratum basalis)

51
Q

Define stratum functionalis

A

changes from ovarian hormone cycles

shred during menstration

52
Q

Define stratum basalis

A

forms a new functionalis after menstration

unresponsive to ovarian hormones

53
Q

What is the vagina

A

birth canal and organ of copulation
thin walled tube
mucosa near vagina orifice forms hymen

54
Q

What are the 5 external genitalia of the female reproductive system

A

1) mons pubis: fatty area
2) labia majora: hair-covered fatty skin folds
3) labia minora: skin folds within labia majora
4) clitoris: with a glans and prepuce
5) Bartholin Glands: release mucus for lubrication

55
Q

Define mammary glands

A

modified sweat glands with 15-25 lobes

contains lobules which contain grandular alveoli ( produce milk)

56
Q

Define areola

A

pigmented skin around nipple

57
Q

Pathway of milk production

A

Alveoli> lactiferous ducts> lactiferous sinus leaves the nipple

58
Q

Where does breast cancer start and what are some of the risk factors(4)

A

usually arises in the ducts can lead to ovarian cancer

1) early start of menstruation or late menopause
2) no pregnancies or first pregnancies late in life
3) absent breast feeding or only for a short while
4) family history

59
Q

What mutation is worse in breast cancer

A

BRCA1 mutations are more serious

high risk of both breast and ovarian cancers

60
Q

What is oogenesis

A

making the female gametes

takes years to complete

61
Q

When does oogenesis begins

A

begins within the fetus

1) oogonia ( diploid ovarian stem cells) divide via mitosis
2) primary oocytes develop in the primordial follicles
3) then the oocytes go through meiosis and 1 month at ovulation

62
Q

What occurs after primary oocytes goes through meiosis

A

2 haploid cells made

1) secondary oocyte: large cell,contains cytoplasm and organelles of original cell
2) first polarbody: small cell, does not contain the organelles

63
Q

What is the seondary oocyte

A

ovulated ovum
will deteriorate if not fertilized by sperm
if fertilized it will go through meiosis 2

64
Q

What occurs if the secondary oocyte is fertalized

A

1) ovum ( functional gamete)

2) second polar body ( will deteriorate)

65
Q

Give three facts about spermatogenesis

A

4 viable sperm
error rate 3-4%
starts at puberty

66
Q

What are 4 facts about oogenesis

A

1) 1 viable gamete and 3 polar bodies
2) error rate=20%
3) unequal divisions provide oocytes with enough nutrients for 6-7 days out of uterus
4) all occytes made by time a female is born

67
Q

What are the 3 phases of the ovarian cycle and what is the time period

A

28 day cycle

1) follicular phase( period of follicular growth DAY 1-14)
2) Ovulation ( midcycle)
3) Luteal phase ( corpus luteum activity DAY 14-28)

68
Q

What percentage of women have a 28 day cycle

A

10-15%

69
Q

Which parts of the ovarian cycle are constant and which vary

A

follicular phase varies

luteal phase is constant: always 14 days from ovulation to end of cycle

70
Q

Define ovulation

A

ovary wall ruptures and expels the secondary oocyte

71
Q

Describe the follicular phase

A

increasing estrogen levels =more stratum functionalis layer
mucus layers in cervix changes consistency from rising estrogen
which will allow sperm to pass through more successfully
ovulation occurs at the end of this period

72
Q

Describe the luteal phase

A

endometrium prepares for the embryo
progesterone levels increases,causing
1) mucus plug in cervix
2) endometrial glandssecrete nutrients

73
Q

Define menstrual cycle

A

ovarian hormones are the lowest
stratum functionalis
menstraual flow 3-5 days
at about day 5 ovarian follicles produce more estrogen

74
Q

What happens if fertilization does not occur

A 
the corpus luteum breaks down
progesterone levels decrease
the spiral arteries kink and spasm
the endometrial cells begins to die
blood fragments released from the arteries
75
Q

What are the 4 effects of estrogen

A

1) promotes oogenesis and follicle growth in ovaries
2) create secondary characteristics( breast, development of fat in breasts and hips, widening and lengthening of the pelvis)
3) keeps total blood cholesterol levels low and HDL levels high
4) helps regulate calcium uptake

76
Q

What are the 1 effects of progesterone

A

increases the amount of cervical mucus

77
Q

What ar e2 reasons placental progesterone is useful

A

1) stopping uterine motility

2) prepares breasts for lactation

78
Q

What are the endocrine regulation during early follicular phase

A

follicles are growing
FSH secretion occurs a bit
LH levels increase slowly
growing follicles increase estrogen production

79
Q

What are the endocrine regulations during late follicular phase

A

mature follicles prepares for ovulation
estrogen signals for FSH to secrete less
estrogen levels continue to spike

80
Q

What are the endocrine regulation during ovulation

A 
ovum released from ovary
estrogen levels peak
progesterone levels begin to rise
LH is released rapidly
as LH is released,estrogen levels start to decrease and progesterone increases
81
Q

What are the endocrine regulation during the lutela phase

A

progesterone increase from corpus luteum
LH and FSH start decreasing
w/o pregnancy,progesterone levels decrease

82
Q

What cause female orgasms

A

start with touch and psychological stimuli
blood fills within the clitoris,breasts, and within the vagina
female orgasms most lively are exclusively stimulated by clitoral stimulation not vaginal
bartholin glands secrete lubrication
orgasm is rhythmic contractions within the uterus and vagina

83
Q

Define meopause, its symptoms, and how it is treated

A

from a decline in estrogen levels
occur around 50 years of age
- irritability and depression in some
-hot flashes from vasodilation of skin blood vessels
-gradual thinning of skin and bone loss
-total cholesterol levels to increase and drop HDL
treatment: estrogen

A&P (9 decks)

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