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a&p > Nutrition > Flashcards

Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

Define kilocalories

A

energy value of food

the heat that is required tp raise temp of 1kg of water by 1 degree c

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2
Q

Define essential nutrients

A

nutrients that the liver cannot create or provide for the body
about 50 molecules are are essential

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3
Q

Define non essential nutrients

A

we can synthesize them or make them from alternative sources

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4
Q

What are the 5 sources of carbohydrates

A

1) starch
2) sugar
3) insoluble fibers
4) soluble fibers
5) milk sugar

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5
Q

Define starch

A

complex carbs from grain and veggies

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6
Q

define sugar

A

simple ( mono or disaccharides) from fruit ,sugar cane,sugar beet, honey and milk

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7
Q

Define insoluble fibers

A

cellulose from veggies

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8
Q

Define soluble fibers

A

pectin in apples/citrus fruit

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9
Q

Define milk sugars

A

lactose

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10
Q

where do we get glycogen

A

meat

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11
Q

Define glycogenesis

A

forming glycogen
when glucose intake > than glucose spent
stored in liver and skeletal muscles

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12
Q

Define glycogenolysis

A

glycogen breakdown
when glucose intake< then glucose spent
only done by hepatocytes, some kidney and intestinal cells

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13
Q

Define gluconeogensis

A

glucose formed from liver from non glucose sources
i.e glycerol from triglycerides and amino acids
useful in nervous system

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14
Q

Where are saturated fats found

A

found in meats ,dairy food and tropical oils

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15
Q

Where are unsaturated fats found

A

seeds, nuts, olive oil, fish,shrimp,krill

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16
Q

Where are trans fat found

A

hydrogenated oils ( modified fats from unsaturated fats to be saturated )

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17
Q

Where do we get cholesterol from?

A

found in egg yolk, meats, shellfish, and milk

liver makes about 80% of cholesterol despite intake

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18
Q

What are lipoproteins made of

A

protein and lipid based vesicles

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19
Q

What part is hydrophilic and hydrophobic in lipoproteins

A

phospholipids and proteins on the outside is hydrophilic

inside is hydrophobic

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20
Q

How is lipoproteins able to transport cholesterol and lipids?

A

hydrophobic cholesterol and lipids are able to be transport in the blood
- allow lipids to enter/exit

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21
Q

Define HDL

A
  • high density lipoproteins
  • high protein levels
  • smaller size
  • highest ratio of protein content to cholesterol amount
  • moves excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues to liver and steroid producing organs
  • carries lipids and proteins that protect against inflammation,oxidation,clotting
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22
Q

What occurs with high HDL?What occurs with low HDL?

A

HIGH: might protect against heart disease
LOW: decrease memory

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23
Q

Define LDL

A

low density lipoproteins

  • high in cholesterol
  • cholesterol moves to peripheral tissues (membranes, storage,nor hormone synthesis)
24
Q

What occurs with high LDL

A

leads to plaque in arteries

not all bad: helps block bacterial infection

25
Q

Define VLDLs and an example of them

A

very low density liproproteins
mostly triglycerides
triglycerides from liver move to peripheral tissues ( like adipose)

26
Q

Do men or women have more HDL

A

men have lower HDL levels than women

27
Q

What are 5 ways to increase HDL levels

A

1) excercise
2) estrogen increase
3) replace saturated foods in diet with polyunsaturated as much as possible
4) Niacin ( B3)
5) fewer simple carbs, more soluble fiber

28
Q

What are 6 ways of increasing LDL levels

A

1) Stress
2) cigarette smoking
3) obesity
4) diet high in simple carbs and fat
5) menopause for women
6) family history

29
Q

How does saturated fats affect blood cholesterol levels

A
  • causes liver to make more cholesterol

- prevents cholesterol from leaving the body

30
Q

How does unsaturated fats affect blood cholesterol levels

A

1) increase excretion of cholesterol

2) increase choloesterol conversion to bile salts

31
Q

How does trans fat affect blood cholesterol levels

A

worse effect than saturated fats

increase LDLs and decrease HDLs

32
Q

In what food is trans fat found in

A

margarine
snack foods
oils for frying food

33
Q

What type of bonds do unsaturated fatty acids have

A

double bonds

causes bends/kinks within the tails

34
Q

Define hydrogenation

A

process of saturating the unsaturated fatty acids into straight chains
( does it by adding more hydrogens to carbon)

35
Q

Define partial hydrogenation

A

removes some of the hydrogen again. making trans fats

36
Q

Give 6 reasons why lipids are important

A

1) help absorb fat-soluble vitamins
2) fuel used in liver cells and skeletal muscle
3) build phospholipids ( myelin and cell membrane)
4) builds adipose tissue ( insulation, protection, and fuel storage)
5) creates prostaglandins
6) cholesterol

37
Q

What does prostaglandins do

A

smooth muscle contraction,blood pressure control and inflammation

38
Q

What does cholesterol do

A

stabilize membranes
makes bile salts
steroid hormones

39
Q

How many amino acids do we need ? Does the human body create them

A

9 essential amino acids

cant be made in human body so need to get from diet

40
Q

What are examples of complete proteins

A

contains all needed amino acids

ex: eggs, milk, fish, meats, soy beans

41
Q

What are Incomplete proteins? Examples of sources in food

A

lack some essential amino acids

ex: legumes,nuts, cereals

42
Q

What are vitamins

A

help the body use nutrients
most are coenzymes
ingested or synthesized
no single food groups contains all needed vitamins

43
Q

Define Vitamin C

A

antioxidant, helps with collagen synthesis, and enzyme cofactor

44
Q

How is vitamin A used

A

cell growth, helps with vision ( makes protein in retinal receptors)

45
Q

How is vitamin K used

A

blood coagulation and calcium binding

46
Q

How is B1 ( thiamine), B2 ( riboflavin), B3 ( Niacin) used

A

coenzymrs that make ATP

47
Q

How is Vitamin B6 used

A

coenzyme, makes neurotransmitters, glucose/glycogen regulation, immune

48
Q

How is B12 used

A

makes myelin sheath and mature RBCs

49
Q

What are water soluble vitamins

A

excess is excreted
b complex and c are absorbed with water
b12 required intrinsic factor in intestines
megadoses are useless

50
Q

What are fat-soluble vitamins

A
  • excess stored in the body ( except vitamin K)
  • A,D,E,K are absorbed with lipids,digestion products
  • pathologies can arise from excess intake fat-soluble vitamins
51
Q

How is calcium,phosphorus, magnesium used

A

harden bones

52
Q

How in iron used

A

oxygen binding to hemoglobin

53
Q

How is iodine used

A

thyroid hormone synthesis

54
Q

How is sodium and chloride used

A

major electrolytes in blood

55
Q

What are mineral rich foods

A

veggies
legumes
mik
some meats

a&p (9 decks)

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