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A&P > Pregnancy and Human Development > Flashcards

Pregnancy and Human Development Flashcards

1
Q

Define Conceptus

A

developing offspring

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2
Q

define gestation period

A

time from last menstrual period until birth ( ~280 days)

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3
Q

Define embryo

A

conceptus from fertilization to week 8

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4
Q

Define fetus

A

conceptus from week 9 until birth

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5
Q

Define pregnancy

A

the events that occur from fertilization to birth

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6
Q

How long can a oocyte live

A

12-24 hrs

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7
Q

How long can sperm live

A

24-48 hrs

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8
Q

When must sexual intercourse occur for fertilization

A

sexual intercourse must occur between 2 days before ovulation to 24 hrs after

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9
Q

Define fertilization

A

combination of the genome of the sperm with that of the secondary oocytes

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10
Q

What is diploid zygote

A

haploid sperm and haploid egg

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11
Q

What happens right when ejaculation into the vagina happens

A
  • sperm leaks out of the vagina immediately after
  • a lot of sperm are destroyed by the acidic environment of the vagina
  • a lot of sperm also fail in through the cervix
  • the sperm could also be killed by the phagocytes
  • only a few make it to the uterine tubes ( 100- a few thousands)
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12
Q

What are 3 things needed for sperm to make it to the egg?

A

1) they must be motile
2) they must also be mature( CAPACITATED)
3) membrane of the sperm also weaken by female tract secretions

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13
Q

What 3 things occur when a sperm is mature/ capacitated

A

making the membrane of the sperm fragile
allows it to release enzymes
which causes penetration through the secondary oocyte

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14
Q

What are the 2 protective covering of the ovum

A 
corona radiata( made of follicle cells; a layer of protection) 
zona pellucida ( the protective thick membrane around the egg)
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15
Q

What are the 4 steps to sperm penetrating

A

1) the sperm must breach the secondary oocyte coating
2) sperm squeezes through the corona radiata
3) it then binds to the zona pellucida
4) sperm enzymes digest holes through the zona pellucida( autosomal reaction)
5) fusion happens between sperm and egg membranes
6) sperm’s cytoplasmic contents then enter the secondary oocyte
7) only one sperm can penetrate through the oocyte ( monospermy )

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16
Q

What happens when 1 sperm enters the egg

A

1) cortical reaction

2) enzymes released ( zonal inhibiting proteins ZIP)

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17
Q

What do ZIPs do?

A

destroy the sperm receptors that are still on the zona pellucida ( slow block)

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18
Q

What also causes completion of meiosis 2( oogenesis)

A

Calcium

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19
Q

What forms after completion of meiosis 2 ( female physiology)

A

ovum and second polar body

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20
Q

Define male pronucleus

A

sperm chromosomes enter

stays separate from the female pronucleus ( ovum genome)

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21
Q

Define fertilization

A

when membranes of 2 pronuclei rupture and chromosomes combine

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22
Q

Define cleavage

A

first mitotic divisions of zygote

while zygote moves toward the uterus

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23
Q

When does the first cleavage happen

A

36 hrs = 2 daughter cells

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24
Q

What happens at 72 hrs during embryonic development

A

morula ( 12-15 cell stages)

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25
Q

Define what forms at day 4 or 5 of embryonic development

A

blastocyst

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26
Q

When does an embryo form (cell wise and location)

A

100 cells

reaches the uterus

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27
Q

Define blastocyst

A

fluid filled sphere

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28
Q

What are the 3 parts of the blastocyst and its function

A 
trophoblast cells ( helps with placenta formation)
 inner cell mass ( ICM): becomes embryonic disc, makes the embryo and 3 embryonic membrane )
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29
Q

When does implantation happen

A

blastocyst floats around for about 2-3 days

implantation happens 6-7 days after ovulation

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30
Q

Define implantation

A

inflammatory like response occurs in endometrium

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31
Q

What 2 layers does trophoblasts divide into during inplantation

A

cellular trophoblast

syncytial trophoblast

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32
Q

During inplantation what does the blastocyst do

A

burrow into lining

endometrial cells cover the blastocyst and seal it in

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33
Q

When is implantation completed

A

12 days after ovulations

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34
Q

How does the female body prevent menstruation during pregnancy

A

regulated byhormones ( progesterone)

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35
Q

Define placentation

A

placenta formed from both mother and embryo

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36
Q

Define Chorion

A

outermost fetal membrane that develops
part of the amniotic sac
formed from part trophoblast and part ICM

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37
Q

Define chorionic villi

A

form from the chorion

  • penetrates into endometrium
  • barrier and exchange are between embryo and mom blood vessels extend through the chorionic villi
  • they extend to the embryo as umbilical arteries and veins
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38
Q

Do maternal and embryonic blood supplies normally mix

A

no

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39
Q

What membrane create a barrier between mom and fetus through placenta

A

chorionic villi

aided by endothelia of embryonic capillaries

40
Q

When is the placenta is fully formed and functional

A

by the end of the third month

41
Q

What does the placenta function as

A
  • nutrition
  • respiration
  • excretion
  • endocrine function
42
Q

What happens if placental hormones are inadequate

A

pregnancy will be aborted

43
Q

What hormones increase throughout pregnancy to prepare for mammary glands for lactation

A

estrogen and progesterone

44
Q

During the implantation what 3 steps are part of the germ layer

A

blastocyst converts to gastrula

1) inner cell mass> embryonic disc
2) three primary germ layers from
3) extraembryonic membranes develop

45
Q

What is the function of the amnion

A
  • transparent sac with amniotic fluid
  • provides buoyant environment that protects embryo
  • maintains constant temp
  • allows freedom of movement
  • comes from maternal blood and fetal urine later on
46
Q

Define the yolk sac

A
  • sac that hangs from the anterior surface of the embryo
  • forms part of the digestive tube
  • source of earliest blood cells and blood vessels
47
Q

When does gastrulation occur and what forms

A

in week 3

embryonic disc

48
Q

Define embryonic disc

A

3 layered embryo with primary germ layers

49
Q

What are the 3 layers of the embryonic disc

A

ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm

50
Q

When does gastrulation occur

A

begins with primitive streak

establishes the longitudinal axis of the embryo

51
Q

What cells form the endoderm

A

cells that move into the groove

52
Q

What cells form the mesoderm

A

cells then push laterally from the groove

53
Q

What are the steps of the formation of the embryonic disc

A

1) Endoderm
2) mesoderm
3) ectoderm

54
Q

What is the notochord

A

a rod of mesodermal cells

55
Q

Define ectoderm

A

cells that remain on posterior surface

56
Q

Do all organs form from the 3 germ layers

A

yes

57
Q

What does the ectoderm form

A

nervous system, skin epidermis

58
Q

What does the endoderm form (4)

A

epithelial cells of the digestive,respitatory, urogenital systems and associated glands

59
Q

What does the mesoderm form

A

everything else

60
Q

Define organogenesis

A

formin the organs and systems of the body

starts at the 8th week ( end of embryonic period)

61
Q

During organogensis what happens in the endoderm

A

folding the endoderm: primitive gut
forms the epithelial lining of the gi tract
organs of the gi tract start to from
oral and anal opening form
then mucosal of the respiratory tract form
development of the glands

62
Q

During organogenesis what forms in ectoderm

A

the first big even of organogenesis
leads to development of brain and spinal cord
notochord sends out chemicals to start the process
neural pate forms from the ectoderm thickening then fold inward to form neural folds

63
Q

What happen at day 22 of organogenesis

A

neural folds fuse together

leads to the formation of neural tube

64
Q

Describe the neural tube

A 
the anterior end becomes the brain
the rest ( beside the anterior end) = spinal cord
65
Q

Define the neural crest cell (4 body component it forms)

A 
move far around
cranial, spinal, and sympathetic ganglia nerves
adrenal medulla
pigment cells of skin
some connective tissue
66
Q

What happens at 3 months

A

first brain wave

67
Q

What happens to the mesoderm during organogenesis

A

first appears with notochord
3 clumps of cells appear to the sides of notochord
somites
lateral plate

68
Q

What 3 clumps of cel appear side of notochord

A

1) somites
2) intermediate mesoderm ( gonards and kidneys)
3) lateral plate mesoderm

69
Q

Define somites

A

40 pairs that create the following
vertebra and ribs
skin
skeletal muscles ( neck,trunk,limbs)

70
Q

Define lateral phase of the mesoderm during organogenesis

A 
ventral side dermis
most tissue within limbs
parietal serosa
heart and blood vessels
connective tissues
almost entire wall of digestive and respiratory organs
71
Q

When does fetal circulation develops

A

first blood cells are within yolk sac
by the end of the 3rd week: embryo has system of paired vessels. two vessels fuse form the heart which bends into S shape, heart beats start at 3.5 weeks

72
Q

How does the mom change during pregnancy

A

1) reproductive organs are full of blood
2) chadwick’s sign: vagina has purplish hue
3) breast enlarge and areolae darken
4) facial skin pigmentation can increase
5) weigh gain about 28 lbs
6) 300 additional calories needed each day
7) multivitamins recommended i.e folic acid
8) gi tract: morning sickness from high levels of estrogen and progesterone, heartburn and constipation common)
9) urinary system( high urine production from higher material metabolism and fetal wastes,frequent, urgent urination

73
Q

How does respiratory system of the mother change during pregnancy

A
  • estrogens cause nasal edema and congestion
  • tidal volume increases ( heavier normal breathing)
  • difficult breathing may happen later in pregnancy
74
Q

How does pregnancy affect the cardiovascular system of the mother

A

blood volume increases ( 25-40%)
helps protect from blood loss during childbirth
cardiac output increase 35-40%
varicose veins could form from increased pooling of blood and impaired ability for venous blood to return from lower limbs

75
Q

What initiations labor

A

positive feedback loop

76
Q

Who determines the birth date

A

the fetus because it gets stressed and releases cortisol

cortisol causes drop in estrogen and progesterone in placenta

77
Q

What causes uterine contractions

A

prostaglanains secreted from placenta

leads to Braxton Hicks contractions in uterus

78
Q

What stimulates oxytocin during initiation of labor

A

stretch receptors ( from the induced contractions)

79
Q

What causes greater uterine contractions and more prostaglandins release from uterus

A

oxytonin and prostaglandins

80
Q

What causes an increase in cervical distension during labor

A

the uterine contractions and more prostaglandins release from uterus
this creates a loop of increasing contractions

81
Q

What happens after cervical distension

A

more oxytocin and prostaglandin release> greater contracrions > greater distention of cervix

82
Q

What occurs during dilation of labor

A

longest stage of labor: 6-12 hrs ( or more)
contraction start off weak ( 15-30 min apart and 10-30 sec long) and become more vigorous and rapid
cervix dilates fully to 10 cm
the amnion ruptures and releases amniotic fluid
head enters the true pelvis ( engagement)

83
Q

What happens during birth phase of labor

A

full dilation> delivery of infant
strong contractions every 2-3 mins and 1min long
urge to push increases ( w/o anesthesia)

84
Q

define crowning

A

largest dimension of head at the vulva

85
Q

Define vertex position

A

head first
skull dilate cervix
breathing starts before complete delivery ( from early suctioning)

86
Q

Define breech position

A

butt first
delivery more difficult
often requires forceps or c-section

87
Q

What occurs during the placental phase of labor

A

strong contracts cont
causes placenta to detach and uterine blood vessels to compress
limits the bleeding
and allows placenta to detach
delivers “ afterbirth” placenta and membrane delivery
happens 30 mins after birth
all of placenta must be expelled to prevent postpartum bleeding

88
Q

Describe the baby first breath

A

needs tremendous efforts because airways are tiny and lings are collapsed
increase of carbon dioxide starts process of “ needing to breathe”

89
Q

What is the respiratory rate of new born

A

45/min first 2 weeks then decline

90
Q

How is premature infants breathing different

A

need respiratory assistance until lungs are mature ( surfractants not fully developed)

91
Q

What produce milk

A

mammary glands

92
Q

what hormone is released for lactation

A

prolactin

takes about 2-3 days to start

93
Q

What happens the first 2-3 days of lactation

A

production of colostrum
less lactose but more protein,vitamin A,mineral, and almost no fat
yellowish and full of antibiodies

94
Q

When does true milk is created

A

after production of colostrum

95
Q

When does prolactin declines

A

after birth of baby

96
Q

What continues lactation

A

continued from sucking of nipples

suckling> more prolactin release> then stimulates more mild production

97
Q

What are 4 benefits of breastmilk

A

1) natural laxative
2) helps woth bacterial colonization of large intestine in baby
3) women can lose bone calcium but it is replaced after weaning ( so long as diet is healthy)
4) women can also start ovulating again during breast-feeding

A&P (9 decks)

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