Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A&P > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Identify the alimentary canal organs of the digestive system and there function

A
  • digest foods and absorbs fragments

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestines, large intestines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

identify the 4 accessory organs of the gi system

A

teeth
tongue
gallbladder
digestive glands ( salivary, liver, pancreas)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 6 main process of digestion

A

1) ingestion: taking in food
2) propulsion: moving food through the system
3) Mechanical breakdown: chewing, stomach
4) Digestion: stomach and small intestines
5) Absorption: small intestine to lymph vessels
6) Defecation: releasing indigestible food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What type of epithelium lines the lumen and what is its function

A 
surrounded by mucosa
secretes mucus, some enzymes and hormones
innermost layer
non-keratinized squamous 
globet cells secrete mucus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What type of tissue lines the submucosa

A

connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What type of epithelium line the muscularis and what is its function

A

two layers of smooth muscles
inner layer has circular arrangement
outer layer has longitudinal arrangement
contraction of the 2 layers lead to peristalsis
mouth,pharynx,esophagus and anus all have skeletal muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What type of connective tissue is found in the serosa

A

loose connective tissue that anchors the organ in place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Define peristalsis

A

contraction of the inner and outer layer of the muscularis that result in the propulsion of food and waste through the tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Define the enteric controls of the digestive system.What part of the gi tract is it located?What does it assist in?

A

autonomic control by ~200-600 million neurons
within the submucosal and muscularis layers in small and large intestines
can work independently of CNS control
help with gut motility, blood flow and secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Define the extrinsic control

A

autonomic input

parasympathetic ( increase activity by vagus nerve) and sympathetic ( decrease)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Define buccal cavity

A

oral cavity

surrounded by lips,cheeks,palate, tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

define oral orifice

A

opening of the buccal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Define labial frenulum

A

fold that attaches lips to gums inside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What type of epithelium is the mouth lined with

A

non-keratinized squamous epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe the characteristics of the hard palate

A

part of maxillae

creates friction with tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Define the characteristics of the soft palate

A

skeletal muscle
closes nasopharynx during swallowing
uvula: extends down from it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

List the 3 functions of the tongue

A

1) reposition food during chewing
2) helps with swallowing, speech and taste
3) anchored to floor of mouth by lingual frenulum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the tongue papillae and what are the 4 parts

A

surface of tongue

filiform, fungiform, vallate, foliate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

define filiform

A

creates friction on tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

define fungiform

A

contain taste buds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

define vallate

A

v-shaped, in back of tonge, contain taste buds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

define foliate

A

side of tongue

contains taste buds for children and infants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the 5 functions of salivary

A

1) cleanses mouth
2) dissolves food chemicals for taste
3) moisten food
4) amylase
5) lipase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the function of amylase in the mouth

A

to break down carbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Whta is the function of lipase in the mouth

A

to break down fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is saliva made of?

A

98% water
electrolytes( sodium, potassium, chloride)
enzymes( amylase, mucin ,lysozyme and IgA antibodies)
metabolic waste ( urea and uric acid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the 3 main salivary glands

A

submandibular glands, sublingual glands, parotid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Define submandibular glands

A

in the floor of the mouth

secrete saliva through submandibular ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Define sublingual glands

A

below the tongue

secrete saliva through lesser sublingual ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

define parotid glands

A

in between the skin and masseter muscle, near the ears

secrete saliva into the mouth through the parotid duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Compare deciduous teeth to permanent teeth

A

deciduous teeth: baby teeth comes in 6-24 months, roots are reabsorbed when teeth fall out
permanent teeth: by age 21; 32 teeth, third “ wisdom” molar comes in age 17-25

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the 4 types of teeth

A

incisors, canines, premolars, molars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

define incisors teeth

A

used for cutting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

define canines teeth

A

used for piercing/ tearing meat; fanglike

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

define premolar teeth

A

grind/crush veggies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

define molar teeth

A

best grinders for veggies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is the crown of a tooth and what is it covered by

A

part above the gums

covered by enamel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is the root of a tooth

A

connects tooth to jawbone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What id the cement of the tooth

A

calcified connective tissue

cover the roots

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Define periodontal ligament

A

anchors tooth in bony socket

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

DEFINE DENTIN IN TOOTH STRUCURE

A

BONELIKE MATERIAL UNDER ENAMEL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Define pulp cavity in tooth structure

A

full of connective tissue,blood vessels and nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Define root canal in tooth structure

A

place where pulp cavity joins root

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Define apical foramen in tooth structure

A

entry for blood vessels, nerves, etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Define the esophagus and the 2 sphincters that are part of it

A

flat muscular tubes from laryngopharyx to stomach ( 10 in in length)
two sphincters are upper esophageal spincters and gastroesphageal sphincter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Define upper esophageal sphincter

A

muscles at the top of the sphincter that closes off laryngopharynx to esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

define gastroesophageal sphincter

A

closes off esophagus from stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What are the 3 phases of swallowing/ deglutition

A

1) voluntary
2) pharyngeal
3) esophageal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Define the voluntary phase of deglutition

A

chewing is complete
tongue will move upward and push back the food
esophageal sphincter is closed
bolus leaves mouth and initiates next step

50
Q

define pharyngeal step of deglutition

A

upper esophageal spincter relaxes to allow food to enter
uvula and soft palate rise and closes off the nasopharynx
laryngeal muscles contract to prevent food from entering

51
Q

Define the esophageal phase in deglutition

A

food enters esophagus
peristaltic motion pushes the food toward the stomach
esophageal glands secrete mucus to lubricate the bolus as it moves down

52
Q

Define the cardia in reference to stomach anatomy

A

entrance to the stomach from the esophagus

53
Q

Define fundus in terms of stomach anatomy

A

dome-shaped beneath diaphragm

54
Q

Define body in terms of stomach anatomy

A

midportion

55
Q

Define pyloric part in terms of stomach anatomy

A

connects stomach to small intestines

56
Q

Define the pyloric sphincter in terms of stomach anatomy

A

valve that opens and closes between stomach and small intestines

57
Q

Define lesser curvature ( medial/concave) in terms of stomach anatomy

A

lesser omentum attached between lesser curvature and liver

58
Q

define greater curvature ( lateral/convex) in terms of stomach anatomy

A

has greater omentum attached

59
Q

Define the greater omentum

A

made of peritoneal fold
hangs from stomach, down anteriorly over intestines and folds back to attach to transverse colon
has adipose tissue

60
Q

Define the rugae in terms of stomach anatomy

A

ridges in the stomach creating high surface area and it allows for distension when food enters

61
Q

What does th e mucosa layer of the stomach contain

A

contains gastric pits ( glands)

there are 4 types: parietal cells, chief cells, mucous cell, enteroendocrine cell

62
Q

Define the mucous cells of the mucosa layer of the stomach

A

secretes mucin ( muscus production)

63
Q

Define the parietal cells of the mucosa layer in the stomach tissue

A

secrete HCL and intrinsic factor ( to absorb vitamin b12)

64
Q

define the parietal cells in the stomach mucosa layer

A

secrete HCL and intrinsic factor

to absorb vitamin b12

65
Q

Define chief cells in the stomach tissue of the mucosa layer

A

secrete pepsin (digest proteins)precursor and lipase ( digest lipids)

66
Q

Define enteroendocrine cell in the stomach tissue of the muscosa layer

A

secrete gastrin

67
Q

How is the stomach muscosal layer is maintained

A

mucus rich in bicarbonate which prevent damage to underlying tissues

68
Q

What are the three phases of gastric secretion

A

cephalic
gasric
intestinal

69
Q

Define chyme

A

delivered to small intestine

70
Q

Describe the hormonal inputs for stimulating gastric juice secretion

A

gastric secretion
causes parietal cells to secrete hydrochloric acid
pepsinogen secretion
promotes stomach contractions

71
Q

Describe the neutral input for stimulating gastric juice secretion

A

acetylcholine (Ach) stimulate gastric juice secretion

72
Q

What are three factors of massive HCL release

A

Ach+ gastrin+ histamines

73
Q

What percentage of acid secretion occurs in the cephalic phase of food digestion

A

30% of acid secretion occurs even before food enters the stomach

74
Q

What 3 stimulatory events occur to start the cephalic phase

A

1) vagus nerve secretes ACh and that activated the parietal cells to release HCL
2) sight and thought of food
3) smell and taste of food

75
Q

What are 2 inhibitory events of the cephalic phase of food digestion

A

1) loss of appetite ( low pH)

2) depression, illness, menopause

76
Q

What percentage of gastric acid secretions are secreted in the Gastric phase

A

50-60%

77
Q

What 4 things stimulate the release of gastric juices in the gastric phase

A

1) hormones ( gastrin, ACh, histamine)
2) stomach bloating with food entering the stomach
3) increase pH due to the food
4) food chemicals( caffeine and proteins)

78
Q

When does the intestinal phase of food digestion start

A

when stomach chyme first enters the small intestine

79
Q

Describe digestion during the intestinal phase

A

when small intestines bloat and fill with acidic, fatty or salty chyme
then gastric secretion slows down ( inhibit vagus nerve, activate sympathetic)
liver ,pancreas, gallbladder support stimulated ( further lowers secretion of gastric secretion)

80
Q

Describe how the stomach is empty from chyme

A

chyme dumps in 3 mL amounts into small intestines
usually in 4 hrs
with larger meals it would be faster then 4 hrs
fluids travel fast out of system

81
Q

Describe how the stomach is empty after vomiting

A

Vomiting occurs due to extreme stretching, irritants, or hormonal activation, Ach activation
vomiting raises the pH of the blood
Alcohol ,bacterial toxins, certain drugs, spicy foods, motion sickness, pregnancy

82
Q

How long and how many sphincters does the small intestines contain

A

9-15 ft

2 sphincters

83
Q

Define the pyloric sphincter

A

in the small intestines

ileocecal valve

84
Q

What are the 3 parts of the small intestines and approximate length

A

Duodenum: 10-15 in

jejunum: 8 ft
lieum: 9-12 ft long

85
Q

Define circular folds

A

deep folds that slows the movement of chyme

located in small intestines

86
Q

Deine villi in the small intestines

A

1 mm extension of mucosa
lacteals embedded within the core of the villi
intestinal crypts in between the villi

87
Q

Define microvilli

A

miniature filaments on the villi

88
Q

What type of enzymes those the small intestines contain

A

ones to break down carbs and proteins

89
Q

Define the Brunner Gland’s in the duodenum of the small intestines

A

produce alkaline mucosal secretion that has bicarbonate

helps neutralize acidic gastric chyme

90
Q

What type of epithelium tisssue is found in the duodenum of the small intestine

A

Simple columnar epithelium

that has paneth cells ( maintains the intestinal barrier and defense ( defensins)

91
Q

What is the job of the duodenum

A

emulsifies fat into micelle to absorb into the blood

92
Q

How are the jejunum and ileum similar to the duodenum

A

similar to the microanatomy of the duodenum of the duodenum but no paneth cells

93
Q

Define the jejunum of the small intestine

A

9 ft long
high surface area
where most of biomolecule absorption occurs

94
Q

Define the ilieum of the small intestines

A

over 9 ft long

contains peyer’s patches

95
Q

What is the mesentary

A

independent organ
formed from the folds of the peritoneum
attaches the small intestines to posterior abdominal wall

96
Q

What is the function of the mesentary

A

to store fat, blood vessel and lymph vessels

97
Q

How does Chrohn’s disease affect the mesentery

A

it is thicken and and homeostasis is reduced

98
Q

How many lobes does the liver have

A

2

left and right

99
Q

What are 4 reasons the liver is important

A

1) detoxifying drugs, toxins, etc
2) makes proteins
3) produce bile
4) store glycogen

100
Q

What are the two forms of blood supply to the liver

A

1) Hepatic Artery ( enters liver frpm abnormal aorta)

2) Hepatic Portal Vein( collects blood from GI tract, pancreas, spleen)

101
Q

What is the name of liver cells

A

hepatocytes

102
Q

Describe how the liver is structured

A

made of liver lobules
hexagonal shape
each corner has 3 vessels: 1 artery, 1 vein, and a bile ducts

103
Q

What do liver macrophages aid in

A

help clear debris

104
Q

What are the 5 composition of bile

A

alkaline solution that has

1) bile salts
2) bile pigments
3) cholesterol
4) triglycerides
5) phospholipids

105
Q

Define bile salts

A

made of cholesterol to recycle in liver

106
Q

Define bile pigment

A

bilirubin

made from the breakdown of RBCs

107
Q

What is the function of the gallbladder

A

muscular sac that is behind the liver

stores bile not needed for digestion and concentrates it

108
Q

How do gallstones form

A

too much cholesterol or not enough bile salt
crystalized cholesterol
prevent flow of bile out of the gallbladder

109
Q

What is the job of the pancreas

A

to produce and secrete enzymes

enzymes include: protease, amylase, lipase, and nucleases

110
Q

What 2 hormones are produced in pancreas

A

glucagon: allows glucose uptake in cells

insulin: stimulate liver, muscle, adipose to absorb glucose from blood stream

111
Q

What does the pancreas secrete to neutralize chyme when entering small intestines

A

sodium bicarbonate

112
Q

What is the purpose of the central pancreatic duct

A

merges with bile duct ( from liver)and feed it into the duodenum

113
Q

Define the acini cells of the pancrea and its purpose

A

exocrine portion

produces digestive enzyme

114
Q

What is the first part of the large intestines called

A

cecum

115
Q

What are the 4 regions of the large intestines

A

ascending
transverse
descending
sigmoid

116
Q

How many valves those the rectum have and what is the purpose

A

3

prevents defecation while passing gas

117
Q

What are the 2 anal sphincters

A

internal anal sphincter

external anal sphincter

118
Q

What is the purpose of the internal anal sphincter

A

involuntary

smooth muscle

119
Q

What is the purpose of the external anal sphincter

A

voluntary

skeletal muscle

120
Q

What is the 3 function of the large intestines

A

1) water reabsorption
2) process remaining indigestible components of feces
3) where gut microbes ( bacteria, fungi, and protozoans) are colonized

121
Q

What part of the gi has skeletal muscle

A

mouth,pharynx,esophagus and anus

122
Q

What is the purpose of the gut flora

A

supplementing the immune system

processing or producting vitamins and nutrients that diets or small intestines absorption cant help with

A&P (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions