Urinary Pathology

Question 1

Nephrologist

Answer 1

Professional who treats the kidney.

Question 2

Urologist

Answer 2

Professional who treats the non-kidney parts of the urinary tract.

Question 3

Components of the kidney

Answer 3

Capsule, cortex and medulla.

Question 4

Parts of the medulla

Answer 4

Pyramids and columns.

Question 5

NUmber of nephrons in a kidney

Answer 5

2.5 million

Question 6

Renal corpuscle

Answer 6

Site of palsma filtration, found in the renal cortex.

Question 7

Renal tubule

Answer 7

Tube extending from the glomerular capsule. Is divided into the proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle and the distal convoluted tubule.

Question 8

Main function of the kidney

Answer 8

To form urine.

Question 9

Urine formation is dependent on what?

Answer 9

Hydration and blood flow.

Question 10

Hormones which are important to the urinary system.

Answer 10

Antidiuretic hormone, atrial natriuretic peptide and aldosterone.

Question 10

Types of urinary dysfunction

Answer 10

Prerenal, intrarenal and post renal

Question 11

Prerenal dysfunction

Answer 11

Due to some form of blood insufficiency.

Question 12

Intrarenal dysfunction

Answer 12

True kidney failure.

Question 13

Post renal dysfunction

Answer 13

Due to obstructions such

Question 14

Hemodynamic disorders of the kidney

Answer 14

Acute tubular necrosis, nephroangiosclerosis and hypertension.

Question 15

Acute tubular necrosis

Answer 15

Occurs after cardiac arrect or hypotensive shock. The cortex is affected first, then the medulla.

Question 16

Nephroangiosclerosis

Answer 16

Artherosclerosis of the arteries relevant tot he kidney. Causes ischemia, which then causes tubular atrophy.

Question 17

Effect of hypertension on the kidney

Answer 17

Renal ischemia due to hypertensive arteris will stimulate renin release, which then aggravates the hypertension.

Question 18

Tumours of the urinary tract

Answer 18

Are typically malignant and originate from the epithelial cells. More common in males.

Question 19

Wilm’s tumour / Nephroblastoma

Answer 19

Malignant tumour which is common in childhood. Immature cells resembling the fetal kidney grow. Prognosis is good.

Question 20

Renal cell carcinoma

Answer 20

Common cancer in older adults. Often fatal due to the lack of early symptoms.

Question 21

Symptoms of renal cell carcinoma

Answer 21

Hematuria, flank pain and sometimes a palpable mass. Non-specific symptoms such as weight loss, fever, hypertension.

Question 22

Internist’s tumour

Answer 22

Renal cell carcinoma. Called this because it is often found accidentally by internists.

Question 23

Transitional cell carcinoma

Answer 23

Resemble the papillary transitional carcinomas of the urinary bladder. Early diagnosis often pssobile due to symptoms.

Question 24

Symptoms of transitional cell carcinoma

Answer 24

Hematuria, obstruction, dysuria and lower abdominal pain.

Question 25

Infectious disorders of the urinary system

Answer 25

Bacterial infections, pyelonephritis, cystitis.

Question 26

Bacterial urinary tract infections

Answer 26

Bacteria typically enters by ascending the urethra. Can also enter via hematogenous infection (septicemia).

Question 27

Acute pyelonephritis

Answer 27

Bacterial invasion of the renal parenchyma. Causes fever, back pain, dysuria, hematuria and frequency.

Question 28

Chronic pyelonephritis

Answer 28

Chronic bacterial infection of the kidney causes scarring. The kidney loses function and shrivels. Often unilateral.

Question 29

Cystitis

Answer 29

Infection of the bladder which can be acute or chronic. Can be acute or chronic.

Question 30

Acute cystitis

Answer 30

Caused by congestion and mucosal hemmorrhages and ulcers.

Question 31

Chronic cystitis

Answer 31

Thickening of the bladder wall.

Question 32

Developmental disorders of the kidneys

Answer 32

Renal agenesis and horseshoe kidney.

Question 33

Autosomal polycystic kidney disease

Answer 33

Autosomal disorder which causes enlargement of the kidneys with cysts. The kidneys’ mass can be inflated up to 20x and causes kidney failure.

Question 34

Urinary stone components

Answer 34

Calcium (75%), struvite (15%), uric acid (5%) or cystine (1%).

Question 35

Causes of urinary stones

Answer 35

They may vary, but are often metabolic, endocrine, dietary or due to an absorption factor or UTI.

Question 36

Urolithiasis

Answer 36

Urinary stones

Question 37

Symptoms of urolithiasis

Answer 37

Severe, unrelenting pain, hematuria and spasms.

Question 38

Glomerular disease

Answer 38

Any disease that alters the ability of the glomerulus to function.

Question 39

Symptoms of nephrotic syndrome

Answer 39

Proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, general bilateral edema and hyperlipidemia.

Question 40

Massage in client with end-stage renal failure

Answer 40

Avoid adressing edema because it may overload the cardiovascular system.

Question 41

Diabetic nephropathy

Answer 41

Kidney infections and failure due to uncontrolled diabetes.

Question 42

Typical cause of urinary incontinence

Answer 42

Damage to the nerves.

Question 43

Innervation of the smooth muscle of the bladder

Answer 43

Parasympathetic branches of S2 to S4.

Question 44

Innervation of the inner sphincter of the bladder

Answer 44

Sympathetic branches of T11 to L2

Question 45

Innervation of the external urinary sphincter

Answer 45

Somatic motor fibers.