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Year 2 Set 1 > Endocrine Pathology > Flashcards

Endocrine Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Master gland which produces 9 hormones

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2
Q

Connection between posterior pituitary and hypothalamus

A

Direct neural connection.

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3
Q

Connection between hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

A

Portal blood system.

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4
Q

Posterior pituitary hormones

A

Are made by the hypothalmus and stored in the pituitary. Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone.

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5
Q

Anterior pituitary hormones

A

Adrenocorticotropic, follicle stimulating, growth, luteinizing, prolactin, thyrodi stimulating.

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6
Q

Generally, what controls the endocrine system?

A

Negative and positive feedback loops.

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7
Q

Prolonged hyperstimulation by trophic hormones causes what?

A

Hyperfunction and physcial enlargement of the peripheral endocrine glands.

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8
Q

Hypofunction of endocrine glands is usually due to what?

A

Destruction of secretory cells.

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9
Q

Major dieseases of the endocrine system

A

Hyperfunction, hypofunction, neoplastic and benign tumours.

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10
Q

Ademona

A

Benign tumours.

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11
Q

Pituitary hyperfunction

A

Often due to adenomas. Presentation depends on which specific cells are affected.

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12
Q

Types of pituitary hyperfunction

A

Prolactinoma, somatotropic and corticotropic are relatively common, Gonadotropic and thyrotropic adenomas are relatively rare.

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13
Q

Prolactinoma

A

Causes cessation of menses, breast enlargement and milk flow and infertility.

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14
Q

Somatotropic adenoma

A

Causes gigantism, acromegaly, metabolic disturbances and headache.

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15
Q

Gigantism

A

Excessive growth of long bones before puberty.

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16
Q

Acromegaly

A

Increased thickness of bones after puberty.

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17
Q

Corticotropic adenoma

A

Adenoma of the cells which secrete ACTH. Causes Cushing’s disease.

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18
Q

Pituitary hypofunction

A

Quite rare, but presentation is dependent on cell type.

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19
Q

Diabetes Insipidus

A

Form of pituitary hypofunction in which antidiuretic hormone is not secreted in sufficient quantity by the posterior pituitary.

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20
Q

Symptoms of diabetes insipidus

A

Polyuria, polydipsia, and dehydration.

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21
Q

Empty Sella syndrome

A

The sella turcica is partially or completely filled with cerebrospinal fluid

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22
Q

Thyroid gland

A

Located in the anterior neck. Has 2 main cell types.

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23
Q

Thyroid follicular cells

A

Secrete T3 and T4, which regulate metabolism.

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24
Q

Thyroid C cells

A

Secrete calcitonin, which dow regulate blood calcium.

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25
Q

Hyperthyrodisim

A

Typically caused by excessive thyroid hormone. Typically autoimmune in nature, but can also be idiopathic nodular hyperplasia or adenomas.

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26
Q

Grave’s Disease

A

Autoimmune condition in which the body creates antibodies to the TSH receptor on the thyroid.

27
Q

Symptoms of Grave’s disease

A

Heat intolerance, swollen neck, sweating, increased heart rate, bulging eyes, cardiac issues, muscle tremors, diarrhea, weight loss and increased appetite.

28
Q

Nodular goiter

A

Enlargement of the thyroid caused either by an iodine deficiency or a neoplasm.

29
Q

Symptoms of nodular goiter

A

Are related to the compression of adjacent structure. Includes coughing, hoarseness, difficulty breathing and swallowing.

30
Q

Difference between thyroid adenomas and thyroid cancer

A

Adenomas are encapsulated by thyroid tissue, wheras cancer usually isn’t

31
Q

Causes of hypothyroidism

A

Thyroiditis (Hashimoto’s), thyroidectomy or iodine deficiency.

32
Q

Hashimoto’s disease

A

A slow developing autoimmune condition in which the thyroid gland is infiltrated and destroyed by lymphocytes.

33
Q

Hypothyroidism symptoms in children

A

Stunted growth, intellectual disability, metabolic disturbances, dry skin and cold intolerance.

34
Q

Hypothyroid symptoms in adults

A

Puffy skin, bradycardia, decreased energy, constipation and dry skin.

35
Q

Thyroid neoplasms

A

Adenomas are common. Malignant tumours are rare, but can be of any cell type.

36
Q

Hyperparathyroidism

A

Increased parathyroid hormone. Can be caused by adenoma, hyperplasia of the gland or carcinoma.

37
Q

Hyperparathyroidism symptoms

A

Kidney stones, muscle weakness, heart conduction issues, ocular and skin calcifications.

38
Q

Parathyroid adenomas

A

1 parathyroid gland is enlarged.

39
Q

Parathyroid hyperplasia

A

All 4 glands are enlarged.

40
Q

Parathyroid hypoplasia causes

A

Developmental, autoimmune or due to surgical removal.

41
Q

Symptoms of parathyroid hypofunction

A

Hypercalcemia, tetany, irregular heartbeat, nerological symptoms and cardiac arrest.

42
Q

Types of adrenal cortex disease

A

Hyperfunction, hypofunction or nonfunctional adrenal tumours.

43
Q

Types of adrenal hyperfunction

A

Hyperaldosteronism, hypercortisolism, adrenogenital syndrome.

44
Q

Hyperaldosteronism (Conn’s syndrome)

A

Rare condition which causes the hypersecretion of mineralocorticoids such as aldosterone. Causes hypertension due to the retention of sodium and water.

45
Q

Hypercortisolism (Cushing’s syndrome)

A

Increased sucretion of glucocorticoids. Can be caused by adrenal hyperplasia or neoplasia, or exogenous steroid administration.

46
Q

Cushing’s syndrome symptoms

A

Central trunk obesity, moon face, buffalo hump, stretch marks, red face, glucose intolerance, diabetes, fatigue and mental instability.

47
Q

Adrenogenital syndrome

A

Hypersecretion of adrenal sex hormones. Can be congenital or develop in adulthood. Causes females to develop more male-like genitalia.

48
Q

Addison’s disease

A

A type of adrenocortical hypofunction. Due to insufficient secretion of corticosteroids and mineralocorticoids from the adrenal gland.

49
Q

Causes of Addison’s disease

A

Infection or autimmune dysfunction.

50
Q

Addison’s disease symptomes

A

Fatigue, weight loss, nausea, hyperpigmentation, hypotension, syncope and susceptibility to infections.

51
Q

Tumours of the adrenal medulla

A

Neuroblastoma or pheochromocytoma.

52
Q

Neuroblastoma

A

Malignant tumour of the adrenal medulla found primarily in children. Composed of neuroblasts. Causes a suddenly palpable lump, but is usually curable.

53
Q

Pheochromocytoma

A

Tumour of the adrenal medulla. Causes hypertension, light headedness, dizziness and heart lesions due to the overexposure to epinephrine.

54
Q

Secretory poriton of the pancreas

A

Islets of Langerhans.

55
Q

Types of cells in the islets of Langerhans

A

Alpha, beta and delta.

56
Q

Alpha cells

A

Around 20% of the islets of Langerhans, secrete glucagon

57
Q

Beta cells

A

Around 70% of the islets of Langerhans, secrete insulin.

58
Q

Delta cells

A

Around 10% of the islets of Langerhans, secrete pancreatic polypeptide.

59
Q

Diabetes mellitus

A

Insulin deficiency or abnormal response by target tissues to insulin. Can be a primary disease or secondary to some other disease.

60
Q

Signs and symptoms of diabetes mellitus

A

Polyuria, polydipsia and poyphagia.

61
Q

Complications of diabetes mellitus

A

Prone to bacterial infections, arthosclerosis, coronary heart disease, aortic aneurisms, kidney, eye and nervous system problems.

62
Q

Insulinomas

A

Adenoma of the beta cells. Cause syncope, hypolglycemia and sweating.

63
Q

Gastrinomas

A

Malignant tumour of the pancrease which cause ulcers.

Year 2 Set 1 (14 decks)

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