Urinary Organs and Rectum

Question 1

ureteric calculus

Answer 1

ureter stone

• may cause colicky pain due to hyperperistalsis of ureter superior to obstruction
• may cause partial or complete obstruction of urine

Question 2

three most common sites of ureteric obstruction

Answer 2

1. at junction of the ureters and renal pelves
2. where ureters cross the external iliac artery and pelvic brim
3. during passage through the wall of the urinary bladder

Question 3

how can the presence of a ureteric calculus be confirmed?

Answer 3

abdominal radiograph or intravenous urogram

Question 4

how can ureteric calculi be removed?

Answer 4

• open surgery
• endoscopy (endourology)
• lithotripsy

Question 5

lithotripsy

Answer 5

uses shock waves to break up a stone into small fragments that can be passed in urine

Question 6

cystocele

Answer 6

hernia of bladder onto the anterior vaginal wall

Question 7

suprapubic cystotomy

Answer 7

puncture of a distended bladder for the introduction of indwelling catheters or instruments without traversing the peritoneum and entering the peritoneal cavity

Question 8

what may be removed by a suprapubic extraperitoneal incision?

Answer 8

• urinary calculi
• foreign bodies
• small tumors

Question 9

extravasation of urine into the peritoneal cavity

Answer 9

when rupture of the superior part of the urinary bladder tears the peritoneum

Question 10

extravasation of urine into the perineum

Answer 10

due to rupture of posterior part of bladder

Question 11

cystoscope

Answer 11

instrument used to examine the interior of the bladder and its three orifices

Question 12

transurethral resection of a tumor

Answer 12

cystoscope passed into bladder through urethra and tumor is removed using high-frequency electrical current so that small fragments are washed from the bladder with water

Question 13

clinically significant differences b/w male and female urethrae

Answer 13

female:
- more distensible (elastic tissue and smooth muscle)
- more easily dilated w/o injury
- higher risk of infection b/c shorter, distensible, and open to exterior through vestibule of vagina

Question 14

what can be palpated during rectal exam?

Answer 14

• prostate/seminal glands or cervix
• pelvic surfaces of sacrum and coccyx
• ischial spines and tuberosities
• enlarged internal iliac lymph nodes
• pathological thickening of the ureters
• swellings in the ischio-anal fossa
• ischio-anal abscesses
• abnormal contents in the rectovesical/rectouterine pouch

Question 15

proctoscope

Answer 15

tool used to examine the internal aspect of the rectum and take biopsies

Question 16

what is located during resection of rectum to separate the rectum from the prostate and urethra?

Answer 16

plane of the rectovesical septum