Urinary Elimination : Info from Mosby's Canadian Textbook for the Support Worker - E-Book – Sheila A. Sorrentino, Leighann Remmert, Mary J. Wilk, Rosemary Newmaster Flashcards
NPO means
Nothing by mouth
Blood in the urine is called
hematuria
When there is blood in the urine that can’t be seen it is called…
occult blood
A compound formed from the rapid breakdown of fat for energy that is excreted from the lungs.
acetone
Painful or difficult urination
dysuria
Urinary incontinence caused by physical conditions or environmental barriers that prevent the client from reaching the toilet in time.
functionary incontinence
Sugar in the urine.
glucosuria
An artificial bladder made out of a section of the ileum. Urine drains from the ureters into this newly created artificial bladder and then through the client’s stoma.
ileal conduit
A catheter that is inserted into the bladder through the urinary meatus and urethra so urine drains constantly into a drainage bag. Also known as a Foley or retention catheter .
indwelling catheter
aka retention catheter
A by-product of fatty acid metabolism. This development occurs primarily in poorly controlled diabetes mellitus, starvation, and high-protein and low-carbohydrate diets.
ketones
The need to urinate during the night.
nocturia
Scant amount of urine, usually less than 500 ml in 24 hours.
oliguria
The surgical creation of an artificial opening.
ostomy
The leaking of urine when the bladder is too full.
overflow incontinence
The loss of urine at predictable intervals.
reflex incontinence
A catheter that is inserted to drain the bladder and is then removed.
straight catheter
The leaking of urine during exercise and certain movements.
stress incontinence
A catheter that is surgically inserted into the bladder through the abdomen.
suprapubic catheter
An artificial opening between the ureter and the abdomen.
ureterostomy
The loss of urine in response to a sudden, urgent need to void.r
urge incontinence
The need to urinate at frequent intervals.
urinary frequency
The inability to control the passage of urine from the bladder; the loss of bladder control.
urinary incontinence
The need to void immediately.
urinary urgency
Change gloves between procedures on the same client, as the gloves may be contaminated. For example, change gloves after perineal care and before cleaning an indwelling catheter.
T or F
True
How many ml of urine does a healthy adult excrete daily?
1500mL
Urination, micturition, and voiding all mean the process of emptying urine from the bladder.
T or F
True
What factors affect urination?
age, disease, the amount and kinds of fluid ingested, dietary salt, and medications, some substances such as coffee, tea, alcohol, and some medications increase urine production. A diet high in salt causes the body to retain water; when water is retained, less urine is produced.
Frequency of urination is affected by:
The amount of fluid intake, personal habits, and available toilet facilities, as well as activity, work, and illness
All people void every 2-3 hours.
T or F
False
Some people void every 2 to 3 hours, and some others void less frequently.
When do people usually void?
at bedtime
after getting up
before meals
In continence is a normal part of aging.
T or F
False
To ensure privacy, you should
Pull the curtain around the bed, close room and bathroom doors, and pull drapes or window shades. Leave the room if the client can be left alone.
Tell the client that running water, flushing of the toilet, or sounds from the TV or radio would mask urination sounds. This would help ease the discomfort of clients who feel embarrassed about voiding with others close by.
Urine should be observed for
colour, clarity, odour, amount, and particles.
The production of abnormally large amounts of urine.
polyuria
Caused by medications, excessive fluid intake, diabetes, hormone imbalance
You can lightly dust the bedpan rim with talcum powder.
T or F
True
With your supervisor’s permission, if there is no need to take a urine specimen.
A pan that has a thinner rim and is only about 1 cm deep at one end,
A fracture pan —commonly called a slipper pan
Fracture pans are used by
- Clients in casts
- Clients in traction
- Clients with limited back motion
- Clients with fragile bones or painful joints
- Clients who have had a hip fracture
Placing a small amount of water in the commode container will allow for easier cleaning after use.
T or F
True
Only if a specimen is not required.
Failure to promptly change wet linens is considered a form of neglect.
T or F
True
Incontinence pads are placed over the bottom sheet from the client’s waist to mid-thigh.
T or F
False
Incontinence pads are placed over the bottom sheet from the client’s head to mid-thigh.
Catheters are used …
- before, during, and after surgery to keep the bladder empty.
- to allow hourly urinary output measurements in clients with critical illnesses.
- as the last resort for managing incontinence
- when clients are extremely weak or have disabilities and are unable to use the bedpan, commode, or toilet
Keep the drainage bag above the level of the bladder to prevent urine from flowing backward into the bladder.
T or F
False
keep it below
You can attach the drainage bag to the bed rail.
T or F
False
as it may cause the bag to be higher than the bladder.
When clients have a catheter, immediately report any complaints of …
pain,
burning,
urge to urinate, or irritation.
Also report the colour, clarity, and odour of urine and the presence of particles.
To clean a catheter you should …
Hold the catheter near the meatus (insertion point). Clean the catheter starting at the meatus and moving down about 10 cm.
When measuring urine output, holding the measuring cup in the air will result in accurate measurements.
T or F
False
Place the see-through graduated cup or measuring cup on a flat surface to read the urine measurement. Try to read the measurement by looking at it as close to eye level as possible. Holding the measuring cup in the air will result in inaccurate measurements.
Drainage bags are emptied, according to the care plan. Usually this task is completed:
- At the end of each shift
- When replacing a leg bag with a drainage bag
- When replacing a drainage bag with a leg bag
- When a leg bag is becoming full
What type of tape should be used to secure a condo catheter?
Elastic tape secures the catheter in place. The elastic tape expands according to changes in penis size, which allows blood flow to the penis. Never use adhesive tape to secure condom catheters. Since adhesive tape does not expand, blood flow to the penis would be cut off, harming the penis.
The purpose of bladder training is to
regain voluntary control of urination from the bladder.
After having an indwelling catheter for some time, they may have lost muscle tone in the bladder and the bladder may no longer be able to stretch sufficiently to hold urine.
This urine specimen is collected for a urinalysis. No special measures are needed, and the specimen is collected at any time. It is called a
random urine specimen
The perineal area is cleaned before collecting the specimen. This reduces the number of microbes in the urethral area. The client starts to void into the toilet, bedpan, urinal, or commode. Then the stream is stopped, and a sterile specimen container is held in position. The client voids into the container until the required amount of specimen is obtained. This is called
midstream specimen
aka clean-voided specimen or a clean-catch specimen
How is a 24 hours urine specimen collected
To start the collection, the client voids, and this first voiding is discarded. All urine voided during the following 24-hour period is collected . The collected urine is kept chilled on ice or refrigerated during the collection period to prevent the growth of microbes. A preservative is added to the collection container for some tests.
PSWs may perform simple urine tests such as
measuring pH, glucose, ketones, and blood—using reagent strips. Straining urine for stones is another simple test.
Ketones may appear in urine of a diabetic client because
of the rapid breakdown of fat for energy, which happens when the body cannot use sugar.
Stones can develop in
the kidneys, ureters, or bladder.
Stones are also called
calculi
an artificial opening between the ureter and the abdomen.
ureterostomy
an artificial bladder is fashioned out of a section of the ileum, and urine drains from the ureters into the newly created artificial bladder and then through the stoma.
ileal conduit
Urine normally appears pale yellow, straw coloured, or amber and is clear with no particles. A faint odour is normal.
T or F
True
