Body Structure and Function : Info from Mosby's Canadian Textbook for the Support Worker - E-Book – Sheila A. Sorrentino, Leighann Remmert, Mary J. Wilk, Rosemary Newmaster Flashcards
The body standing erect, with the face forward, arms at the sides, and palms of the hands facing forward.
anatomical position
Located at or toward the front of the body or body part. Also called ventral .
anterior
Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.
arteries
Joints that allow movement in all directions; they are made up of the rounded end of one bone and the hollow end of another bone. The rounded end of one fits into the hollow end of the other.
ball and socket joints
Tiny blood vessels through which nutrients, oxygen, and other substances pass to the cells.
capilliaries
Connective tissue, which cushions the joint.
cartilage
The basic functional units of body structure.
cells
Away from the surface or further into the body.
deep
The process of physically and chemically breaking down nutrients so that they can be absorbed for use by the cells.
digestion
The part farthest from the centre or from the point of attachment.
distal
The substance in red blood cells that carries oxygen and gives blood its colour.
hemoglobin
Joints that allow movement in one direction.
hinge joints
A stable internal environment in our bodies.
homeostasis
A chemical substance secreted by specialized glands and some cells into the bloodstream.
hormone
Below or toward the feet.
inferior
Relating to or located at the side of the body or body part.
lateral
Relating to or located at or near the middle or midline of the body or body part.
medial
The process in which the lining of the uterus breaks up and is discharged from the body through the vagina.
menstruation
The body’s physical and chemical processes that create and use energy. It is also associated with the breaking down of chemicals for excretion.
metabolism
An imaginary line that divides the body into right and left sides.
midline
Groups of tissues that work together to perform special functions.
organs
Organs that work together to perform special functions.
organ systems
Away from the centre of the body.
peripheral
The involuntary, wavelike contractions of smooth muscles.
peristasis
Joints that allow turning from side to side.
pivot joints
Located at or toward the back of the body or body part. Also called dorsal
posterior
The part nearest to the centre or to the point of origin.
proximal
The act of breathing air into (inhalation) and out of (exhalation) the lungs. During each respiration, the inhalation supplies the cells with oxygen, and the exhalation removes carbon dioxide from the cells.
respiration
Near the surface of the body.
superficial
A group of similar cells that perform a similar function together.
tissue
Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart.
veins
consists of the thoracic cavity , the abdominal cavity , and the pelvic cavity
ventral cavity
has two cavities—the cranial cavity and the spinal cavity .
dorsal cavity
consists of skin and its appendages—hair, nails, and sweat and oil glands.
The integumentary system
the inner layer of skin and is made up of connective tissue. Blood vessels, nerves, sweat and oil glands, and hair roots are found in this layer.
dermis
outer layer that contains living and dead cells. The cells that are dead now were once deeper in the epidermis and were pushed upward as other cells divided.
epidermis
Functions of the skin are
- It is the protective covering of the body. It prevents bacteria and other substances from entering the body, prevents excessive amounts of water from leaving the body, and protects organs from injury. 2. The nerve endings in skin sense both pleasant and unpleasant stimulations. There are nerve endings over the entire body. The body is protected because heat, cold, pain, touch, and pressure are sensed. 3. Skin helps regulate body temperature.
provides the framework for the body and allows the body to move.
musculo-skeletal system
How many bones in the human body?
206
These bones bear the weight of the body.
Long bones
These bones allow skill and ease in movement. The bones in wrists, fingers, ankles, and toes are examples.
Short Bones
These bones protect the organs. Such bones include ribs, the skull, pelvic bones, and shoulder blades.
Flat bones
These bones are the vertebrae in the spinal column. They allow various degrees of movement and flexibility and also bear some weight.
Irregular bones
contains blood vessels that supply bone cells with oxygen and nutrients.
periosteum
Inside the hollow centres of bones is a substance called _____ _____ . Blood cells are manufactured in this substance
bone marrow
Bones are held together at the joint by strong bands of connective tissue called
ligaments .
These muscles can be consciously controlled. Muscles attached to bones examples
voluntary muscles
These muscles work automatically and cannot be consciously controlled. These muscles control the actions of the stomach, intestines, blood vessels, and other body organs.
involuntary muscles
Muscles can do only two things:
contract and relax
Muscles perform three important body functions:
- Movement of body parts
- Maintenance of posture
- Production of body heat
Strong, tough connective tissues called ________ connect muscles to bones.
tendons
This system controls, directs, and coordinates body functions.
nervous
This system consists of the brain and the spinal cord.
CNS
Central nervous system
This system consists of the nerves throughout the body.
PNS
Peripheral nervous system
This is the largest part of the brain and is the centre of thought and intelligence.
cerebrum
This part of the brain regulates and coordinates body movements.
cerebellum
This connects the cerebrum to the spinal cord. Important structures
brain stem
This controls heart rate, breathing, blood vessel size, swallowing, coughing, and vomiting.
medulla
The autonomic nervous system is divided into the
sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system .
This system tends to speed up functions,
sympathetic nervous system
This system tends to slow down functions,
parasympathetic nervous system
The four basic taste sensations are
salty, sweet, sour, and bitter.
Glands in the auditory canal secrete a waxy substance called ________, which catches particles that enter the ear.
cerumen
The ear is divided into the
external ear,
middle ear, and
inner ear .
an organ system that passes nutrients (such as amino acids, electrolytes, and lymph), gases, hormones, blood cells, and so on to and from cells in the body to help fight diseases and help stabilize body temperature and pH to maintain homeostasis.
circulatory system
Two types of fluids move through the circulatory system:
blood and lymph.
The system made up of blood, the heart, and blood vessels.
cardiovascular system
Blood helps to
carry nutrients, oxygen, and other substances to the cells throughout the body so that they can live and function.
remove waste products from cells
help regulate body temperature.
Nutrients, oxygen, and other substances pass from _______ into cells, and waste products, including carbon dioxide, are picked up from cells and are carried back to the heart by veins.
capilliaries
This organ filters blood rather than lymph. It cleanses blood and destroys micro-organisms.
spleen
This is located in the thoracic cavity. It plays a crucial role in the development of the immune system before birth and in the first few months after birth.
thymus
This fluid is called ______ and is composed primarily of water, electrolytes, waste from cells, and some protein.
lymph
spongy tissues filled with alveoli, blood vessels, and nerves.
lungs
Major parts of this system are the mouth, the pharynx, the esophagus, the stomach, the small intestine, and the large intestine.
digestive system
The accessory organs of digestion are
teeth, the tongue, salivary glands, the liver, the gallbladder, and the pancreas.
Nutrients are mixed and churned with gastric juices to form a semi-liquid substance called
chyme
One of the digestive juices is _____ , which is a greenish liquid produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder
bile
Most of the absorption of nutrients takes place in the
jejunum and the ileum.
The _______ secretes enzymes that are the most important of all the digestive enzymes.
pancreas
The liver has important functions:
(1) metabolizing fats, proteins, and carbohydrates;
(2) detoxifying substances from blood;
(3) storing fat-soluble vitamins; and
(4) producing bile, cholesterol, and bilirubin.
Waste products are removed from the body through the
respiratory system, the digestive system, the integumentary system (skin), and the urinary system.
The functions of the urinary system are to
remove waste products from blood and to maintain water balance and acid balance within the body.
The ________ act as a filtration system for blood and remove waste products and toxins (poisons) from blood.
kidneys
Urine is transported from the kidneys to the bladder through the _________
ureters
Urine passes from the bladder through the _______
urethra
The male sex glands are called
testes or gonads
The female gonads are two almond-shaped glands called
ovaries
The main part of the uterus is the
fundus
Tissue lining the uterus is called the .
endometrium
Menstruation , occurs about every _____ days.
28
The pituitary gland is called the master gland.
T or F
True
Thyroid hormone regulates
metabolism
The __________ secretes insulin , which regulates the amount of sugar in the blood available for use by cells.
pancreas
White blood cells that digest and destroy micro-organisms and other unwanted substances are also called
Phagocytes
White blood cells that produce antibodies.
Lymphocytes
_____ are the basic unit of body structures. Groups of _____ with similar functions combine to form tissues.
cells
The _____________ system contains skin and its appendages—hair, nails, and sweat and oil glands.
integumentary
The _________ system controls, directs, and coordinates body functions.
nervous
The _______ system is responsible for sight, hearing, taste, smell, and touch.
sensory
The _________ system is made up of the cardiovascular system and the lymphatic system.
circulatory
The __________ system brings oxygen into lungs and eliminates carbon dioxide.
respiratory
The __________ system breaks down nutrients physically and chemically so that they can be absorbed for use by cells.
digestive
The _________ system removes waste from blood and maintains water balance.
urinary
The _________ system is made up of glands called _________ glands . These glands secrete hormones into the bloodstream, and these hormones regulate the activities of other organs and glands in the body; the metabolic processes involving fats, proteins, and carbohydrates; and water and electrolyte balance.
endocrine
The __________ system defends the body against threats from inside and outside.
immune
Which part of the heart pumps blood to the body? A Right atrium B Right ventricle C Left atrium D Left ventricle
D Left ventricle
The (1)______ side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs to pick up oxygen. The (2)_______ side of the heart receives the oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and pumps it to the body.
- right
2. left
Most nutrient absorption takes place in the: A Stomach B Small intestine C Colon D Large intestine
B Small intestine
Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged: A In bronchi B Between alveoli and capillaries C Between lungs and the pleura D In the trachea
B Between alveoli and capillaries
Urine is formed by the: A Jejunum B Kidneys C Bladder D Liver
B Kidneys
