Common Diseases and Conditions : Info from Mosby's Canadian Textbook for the Support Worker - E-Book – Sheila A. Sorrentino, Leighann Remmert, Mary J. Wilk, Rosemary Newmaster Flashcards
Movement of a body part away from the midline of the body.
abduction
Damage to brain tissue caused by disease, medical condition, accident, or violence.
acquired brain injury
Immune system disease caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
Movement of a body part toward the midline of the body.
adduction
A degenerative disease characterized by loss of the motor neurons, with progressive weakness and atrophy of the muscles of the hands, forearms, and legs, spreading to involve most of the body and face. Also known as Lou Gehrig’s disease .
an extremity. p. 280 amyotrophic
A localized dilation of the wall of a blood vessel.
aneurysm
Chest pain caused by ischemia, a lack of blood supply to the heart muscle that is usually caused by an obstruction or spasm of the coronary arteries because of coronary artery disease.
angina pectoris
Abnormal heart rhythm
arrhythmia
Joint inflammation
arthritis
Surgical replacement of a joint
arthroplasty
A respiratory disorder characterized by recurring episodes of paroxysmal dyspnea, which is wheezing on expiration, inspiration, or both, caused by constriction of the bronchi, coughing, and viscous mucous bronchial secretions.
asthma
Noncancerous.
benign
A group of diseases characterized by out-of-control cell division and growth, which can occur in many body systems.
cancer
An inborn metabolic disorder, which results in the inability to tolerate gluten protein.
celiac disease
Inflammation of the gallbladder.
cholecystitis
A persistent lung disorder that obstructs (blocks) the airways; refers to chronic bronchitis and emphysema.
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Persistent liver disease characterized by normal liver cells being replaced by scar tissue.
cirrhosis
A disease caused by microbes (disease-causing organisms) that spreads easily. Also known as contagious disease .
communicable disease
An abnormal condition that occurs when the heart cannot pump blood normally. Blood backs up and causes an abnormal amount (congestion) of fluid in the tissues.
congestive heart failure (CHF)
An abnormal condition that reflects impaired cardiac pumping.
coronary artery disease (CAD)
A persistent, inflammatory bowel disease of unknown origin, usually affecting the ileum, the colon, or another part of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.
Crohn’s disease
An abnormal closed sac, which may contain air, fluids, or semi-solid material.
cyst
A bladder infection.
cystitis
Inflammation of the skin caused by direct contact with an irritating or allergy-causing substance.
dermatitis
A metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia (high blood sugar levels) and resulting from low levels of insulin or a resistance to insulin’s effect at a cellular level.
diabetes
The condition of having small pouches in the colon that bulge outward.
diverticulosis
A group of neurological disorders characterized by recurrent episodes of convulsive seizures, sensory disturbances, abnormal behaviour, loss of consciousness, or all of the above.
epilepsy
A condition associated with aching, stiffness, and fatigue in muscles, ligaments, and tendons.
fibromyalgia
A skin disorder caused by the infection of a hair follicle. Also called a boil .
furuncle
A condition in which tissue dies and then decays. Gangrenous tissue may be black and have a foul smell.
gangrene
A disorder of the digestive system that causes heartburn.
gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD)
A painful disease caused by the accumulation of uric acid in the cartilage of a joint.
gout
Paralysis of one side of the body; the arm and leg, body organs, vision, the tongue, and the swallowing mechanisms on the affected side can all be compromised.
hemiplegia
Inflammation of the liver that may be caused by bacterial or viral infection, parasitic infestation, alcohol, drugs, toxins, or transfusion of incompatible (not matching) blood type.
hepatitis
An inherited neurological disorder that causes uncontrolled movements, emotional disturbances, and cognitive losses.
Huntington’s disease
Persistent blood pressure measurements above the normal systolic (140 mm Hg) or diastolic (90 mm Hg) pressures.
hypertension
A condition caused by an overactive thyroid gland.
hyperthyroidism
A condition caused by an underactive thyroid gland.
hypothyroidism
A contagious skin disorder caused by bacteria.
impetigo
A highly contagious infection of the respiratory tract by the causative (disease-causing) virus in airborne droplets.
influenza
A disorder of the bowel characterized by abdominal pain and changes in bowel habits.
irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
Describes any condition in the body that, if untreated, may be a threat to health (e.g., malignant hypertension). Specifically, it describes a tumour that invades and destroys other cells or tissues. Also known as cancerous
malignant
The spread of cancer to other parts of the body.
metastasis
A persistent, slowly progressive disease, in which the body’s immune system attacks the protective myelin sheaths that surround the nerve cells of the brain and spinal cord (a process called demyelination ), resulting in damaged areas that are unable to transmit nerve impulses.
multiple sclerosis (MS)
Death of heart tissue caused by lack of oxygen to the heart. Also known as heart attack .
myocardial infarction (MI)
Inflammation or infection of the bone.
osteomyelitis
A bone disorder in which the bone becomes porous and brittle.
osteoporosis
Complete or partial loss of ability to move a limb or muscle group.
paralysis
Paralysis from the waist down.
paraplegia
Neurological disorder in which the cells in certain parts of the brain are gradually destroyed; causes tremors, muscle stiffness, slow movement, and poor balance.
Parkinson’s disease
An inflammation of a vein.
phlebitis
Infection of the lung tissue.
pneumonia
A persistent skin disorder that affects the skin and joints. It commonly causes red scaly patches to appear on the skin.
psoriasis
Inflammation of the kidney and renal pelvis because of bacterial infection.
pyelonephritis
Paralysis of all four limbs and the trunk; paralysis from the neck down.
quadriplegia
Kidney stones
renal calculi
A highly contagious skin infection caused by a mite.
scabies
A persistent disease caused by excessive deposits of collagen in skin or other organs.
scleroderma
Diseases that are spread through sexual contact.
sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
Sudden loss of brain function because of the disruption of blood supply to the brain. Also known as cerebral vascular accident (CVA)
stroke
A blood clot, an air bubble, or a fat clot that forms in a blood vessel.
thrombus
A temporary interruption of blood flow in the brain.
transient ischemic attack (TIA)
A persistent bacterial infection generally transmitted by the inhalation or ingestion of infected droplets and usually affecting the lungs, although infection of multiple organ systems occurs.
tuberculosis (TB)
A swelling or enlargement occurring in inflammatory conditions or a new growth of tissues that could be malignant or benign
tumour
An infection in the urinary system.
urinary tract infection (UTI)
A common skin condition characterized by raised, usually itchy wheals . It is commonly caused by an allergic reaction to food, food additives, or drugs. Also known as hives .
urticaria
A circular, red, spongy lesion that evolves (develops) and changes over minutes to hours. It is usually surrounded by an area of redness called a flare .
wheal
A ________ fracture means that the bone is broken but the skin is intact.
closed fracture ( simple fracture )
An __________ fracture means that the broken bone has come out through the skin.
open fracture ( compound fracture )
Signs and symptoms of a fracture are:
- Limb appearing bent or out of position
- Pain
- Swelling
- Limited movement of limb or loss of function
- Bruising and colour changes in the skin at the fracture site
- Bleeding (internal or external)
An artificial hip joint can dislocate (move out of place) with adduction , internal rotation (turning inward), or bending of the leg by more than 90 degrees.
T or F
True
Because there is no cure for osteoporosis, prevention is important.
T or F
True
The most common form of arthritis, tends to occur in people over 40, and becomes more common with increasing age.
Osteoarthritis
In OA, cartilage (the material that cushions the ends of the bones) gradually breaks down, and eventually, the involved bones rub together, causing pain, especially when the joint is moved.
A type of arthritis that is persistent and progressive disease that affects 1 in 100 Canadians. It usually occurs in people between the ages of 25 and 50.
Rheumatoid arthritis
RA affects connective tissue throughout the body. The immune system does not recognize the connective tissue as “normal” and attacks and destroys it. Affects mainly the joints, which become painful, swollen, and stiff.
Rheumatoid arthritis usually occurs on both sides of the body, but not always. Fatigue and fever are common.
T or F
True
A disease caused by the accumulation of uric acid in the cartilage of a joint, especially in the tendons.
Gout , also called metabolic arthritis,
Stroke is caused by one of the following:
• An interruption of blood flow to the brain, often caused by a blood clot • The rupture of a blood vessel in the brain
Warning Signs of a Stroke
- Weakness—sudden loss of strength or numbness in the face, arm or leg, even if temporary
- Trouble speaking—sudden difficulty speaking or understanding or sudden confusion, even if temporary
- Vision problems—sudden trouble with vision, even if temporary
- Headache—sudden severe and unusual headache
- Dizziness—sudden loss of balance, especially with any of the above signs
These are warning signs of what event?
• Trouble speaking—sudden difficulty speaking or understanding or sudden confusion, even if temporary
• Vision problems—sudden trouble with vision, even if temporary
• Headache—sudden severe and unusual headache
• Dizziness—sudden loss of balance, especially with any of the above signs
Stroke
Rehabilitation usually starts 1 or 2 weeks after a stroke, and many clients are able to regain or improve lost functions.
T or F
False
Rehabilitation usually starts immediately after a stroke.
The following are signs and symptoms of what condition?
• Tremors —often start in one finger and spread to the whole arm; pill-rolling movements (rubbing of the thumb and index finger) may occur and progress to tremors in legs, jaws, and face
• Stiff muscles —stiffness in arms, legs, neck, and trunk
• Masklike expression —inability to blink or smile; a fixed stare is common
• Slow movement —a slow, shuffling walk and inability to lift the feet
• Stooped posture and impaired balance —inability to walk, with increased risk for falls
Parkinson’s disease
The common signs and symptoms of _________ are:
• Blurred vision, double vision, or blindness
• Extreme fatigue
• Loss of balance, dizziness, difficulty walking, and clumsiness
• Muscle weakness and stiffness
• Tingling, numbness, or a burning feeling in one area of the body
• Sensitivity to heat
• Difficulty speaking
• Difficulty swallowing
• Bladder and bowel issues
• Impotence or diminished sexual arousal
• Short-term memory loss • Difficulties concentrating • Impaired judgement or reasoning
Multiple sclerosis (MS)
The common signs and symptoms of _________ are:
• Sudden, severe chest pain, usually on the left side
• Pain described as crushing, stabbing, or squeezing; most people complain of feelings of tightness, heaviness, pressure, fullness, or burning in the chest
• Pain that radiates to the neck and jaw, and down the arm or to other sites
• Pain that is more severe and lasts longer than with angina
• Pain that is not relieved by rest and nitroglycerine • Indigestion
• Shortness of breath
• Nausea or vomiting
• Dizziness • Perspiration • Cyanosis (bluish lips and nail beds from lack of oxygen in the blood)
• Cold and clammy skin
• Low blood pressure
• Weak and irregular pulse
• Fear and anxiety; a feeling of doom (disaster)
Myocardial Infarction
pus in the urine
pyria
—occurs most often in children and young adults. The pancreas does not produce insulin, which leads to severe hyperglycemia. These clients develop symptoms early in the disease and need treatment of daily insulin injections.
Type 1 diabetes
—usually develops in adulthood but can occur in children as well. This is the most common type of diabetes. The pancreas does not produce enough insulin, or the body does not effectively use the insulin that is produced. Obesity is a risk factor. The hyperglycemia is often mild, and the client may not notice the symptoms. Treatment often consists of diet and exercise or oral medications. Insulin is sometimes required.
Type 2 diabetes
—develops during pregnancy. It usually disappears after the baby is born.
Gestational diabetes
Some of the signs and symptoms of this condition are weight gain, impaired memory, fatigue, sluggishness, irritability, constipation, and slower heart rate.
Hypothyroidism
There can be different signs and symptoms of this condition, including weight loss, increased hunger, hyperactivity, palpitations, nausea, vomiting, irritability, and depression.
Hyperthyroidism
Warning Signs of ________
• A new or unusual lump or swelling in the breast, testicles, or any other part of the body
• Any sore that does not heal anywhere on the body or in the mouth
• Obvious change in the shape, size, or colour of a mole or wart
• A nagging cough, hoarseness, or a croaky voice
• Difficulty swallowing • Blood in the urine, stool, or phlegm
• Unusual bleeding or discharge of any sort from the nipple or vagina
• Change in bladder habits, such as pain or difficulty urinating
• Any change in bowel habits (constipation or diarrhea) that lasts more than a few weeks
• Persistent indigestion
• Unexplained weight loss, fever, or fatigue
• Unexplained aches and pains
• Any new growth on the skin, or patches of skin that bleed, itch, or become red
Cancer
— spread by contact with the infected person
Direct contact
— spread by contact with contaminated dressings, linens, or surfaces
Indirect contact
—occurs when the client sneezes or coughs
Airborne transmission
—occurs through blood transfusions or by ingesting contaminated food, fluids, or drugs
Vehicle transmission
—occurs via animals, fleas, ticks, mites, and mosquitoes
Vector transmission
Recurrent, painful, fluid-filled sores on or near the genitalia
Genital herpes
Males —Warts appear on the penis, anus, or genitalia Females —Warts appear near the vagina, cervix, and labia
Venereal warts
Burning on urination Urinary frequency and urgency Vaginal discharge (females) Urethral discharge (males)
Gonorrhea
—appears 10 to 90 days after exposure: painless chancre (a type of sore) on the penis, in the vagina, or on genitalia; chancres may also be present elsewhere on the body
Primary syphilis
—appears about 2 months after the chancre, lasting up to 1 year: rash, general fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, fever, bone and joint pain, hair loss, lesions on the lips and genitalia
Secondary syphilis
—appears 3 to 15 years after infection: damage to the cardiovascular system and central nervous system, blindness, dementia
Tertiary syphilis
