Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Fundamentals > Urinary Elimination > Flashcards

Urinary Elimination Flashcards

1
Q

Function of Kidneys:

A

major excretory organs
filter liquid waste from blood
balance salt and electrolytes in blood
regulate blood volume and pressure
produce erythropoietin for RBC formation
synthesize vitamin D
maintains acid-base balance of extracellular fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Urine is formed by:

A

tiny filtering units called nephron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Nephron:

A

functional units of the kidneys—-> consists of renal corpuscle and renal tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Renal Corpuscle:

A

compromised of a network of blood capillaries called glomerules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Renal Tubule:

A

compromised of the proximal tubule, loop of Henle, and the distal convoluted tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Filtration:

A

begins in the glomerulus as fluid moves across a membrane as the result of a pressure difference

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Reabsorption:

A

occurs in renal tubule as most of the filtrate moves back into the blood; waste products are secreted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Secretion:

A

urine is produced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

After exiting the kidneys, urine is carried to the bladder by:

A

ureters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The ureter wall muscles continually tighten and relax, forcing urine:

A

downward

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Bladder walls relax and expand to:

A

store urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Bladder walls contract and flatten to:

A

empty urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Normal urine is:

A

sterile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Average adult passes:

A

960-1920mL/day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Urge:

A

innervation of the bladder signals when it is time to go

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The brain signals the bladder muscles to tighten and the sphincter muscles to:

A

relax

when all the signals occur in correct order, urination occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Other names for urination:

A

voiding or micturition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Anuria:

A

failure of the kidneys to produce or excrete more than 50 - 100 mL of urine in 24 hours.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Ultrafiltrate:

A

liquid form which blood cells and blood proteins have been filtered out.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Oliguria:

A 
defined as reduced urine volume.
- less than 1mL in an infant
- less than 0.5 ml in children
- less than 400 mL in adults
(symptom of acute/chronic renal failure)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Pre-renal failure:

A

result of reduction in blood flow to kidneys; causes dehydration, vascular collapse, and low cardiac output

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Renal Failure:

A

seen in patients with actual kidney damage. (structural issues)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Post-renal failure:

A

related to mechanical or functional obstruction of urine flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Polyuria:

A

excessive volume of urine found and excreted each day. Adult: 2500mL or more of urine per day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Causes of Polyuria:

A

consumption of large amounts of fluid (especially caffeine or alcohol), ingestion of too much glucose, use of diuretic meds, diabetes, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How to diagnosis anuria:

A

catheter is passed into the bladder and no urine is present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Causes of anuria:

A

any process that limits effective blood flow through the kidneys
inadequate flow or complete obstruction by anything that blocks both ureters and the bladder or obstructs the urethra, can lead to an anuric state resulting in acute/chronic renal failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Dialysis:

A

technique by which fluids and molecules pass through an artificial semipermeable membrane and are filtered by osmosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Hemodialysis:

A

patient’s blood flows continually from the body through vascular catheters to the dialysis machine—-> it then goes through the machines filters and ultra-filtrate is created

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Peritoneal Dialysis:

A

performed by instilling dialysis solution into the patients’s abdominal cavity through an external catheter —> after the solution rests within the peritoneal cavity for a prescribed period of time, it is removed from the body through the catheter. (the abdominal cavity functions as the dialyzing membrane)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Urge Incontinence:

A

a strong sudden urge to void followed by rapid bladder contraction. the affected person does not have enough time for toileting between recognition of urge to urinate and the onset of voiding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Mixed Incontinence:

A

combination of both stress and urge incontinence

33
Q

Functional Incontinence:

A

lack of urine control in the absence of any abnormalities of the urinary tract; it occurs when some physical limitation, such as difficulty with clothing fasteners or impaired mobility, hinders reach the toilet before voiding occurs

34
Q

Overflow Incontinence:

A

patients are unable to empty the bladder completely resulting in a constant dribbling of urine or increased frequency of urination. results from weakened muscles of the bladder

35
Q

Temporary Incontinence:

A

can occur in addition with factors such as constipation, infections, or medication usage

36
Q

Urinary Retention:

A

inability of the bladder to empty.

caused by an obstruction in the urinary tract or by a neurological disorder

37
Q

Nocturia:

A

excessive urination at night = disrupts sleep cycle

*most commonly seen in men with BPH and in postmenopausal women as a consequence of decreases bladder tone

38
Q

Dysuria:

A

painful urination—> may result from UTI, cystitis, STD’s, yeast infection, kidney or bladder stones, prostatic enlargement, malignancy and/ or allergies

39
Q

Patients with dysuria often complain of:

A

burning that follows urination, often a delay in initiating voiding or hesitancy is associated

40
Q

Hematuria:

A

abnormal presence of red blood cells in the urine; bleeding can originate at any point along the urinary tract

41
Q

Gross, visible, or microscopic hematuria may represent:

A

serious underlying disease

42
Q

Color of urine does not:

A

reflect the degree of blood loss

43
Q

Urinary Incontinence:

A

unable to control passage of urine

44
Q

Stress Incontinence:

A

loss of urine control during activities that increase intraabdominal pressure such as coughing, sneezing, laughing, or exercise

45
Q

Characteristics of urinary retention:

A

difficulty starting a stream or emptying the bladder, weak urine flow, chronic/acute pain

46
Q

Chronic pain:

A

mild and constant discomfort

47
Q

Acute pain:

A

medical emergency

48
Q

Factors affecting urinary elimination:

A 
pathological and surgical conditions 
privacy issues and embarrassment
medications
food and fluid intake
ambulatory ability 
muscle tone
enuresis
49
Q

Enuresis:

A

involuntary passing of urine

50
Q

Age considerations:

A

loss of muscle tone in the bladder in older adult individuals contributes to incontinence and frequency.
Nocturia is common as well; the bladder does not empty as efficiently in older people

51
Q

Pregnancy considerations:

A

growing fetus compromises bladder space and compresses the bladder—–> results in frequent urination

52
Q

Gender considerations:

A

enlargement of the prostate in men age 40 and older may lead to urinary frequency, hesitancy, and retention

53
Q

UTI considerations:

A

more prevalent in women because women have a shorter urethra and experience a decrease in muscle tone with age and child birth

54
Q

Culture considerations:

A

patients may not seek treatment

55
Q

Disability considerations:

A

may lead to urinary incontinence or retention. (paraplegics can be taught to empty the bladder using straight catheterization every 4 hours

56
Q

Urinary Diversion:

A

surgical procedure performed when bladder function is impaired due to trauma or disease involving the bladder, ureters, and rarely the urethra.

57
Q

Incontinent Diversions:

A

(ileal conduits, ureterostomies) a bag must be worn to collect urine

58
Q

Continent Diversions:

A

(kock pouch, indiana pouch) a collection reserve is surgically created using a segment of the intestine

59
Q

Determining the level of urinary retention by ultrasound scanning of the bladder can prevent:

A

unnecessary catheterization

60
Q

Ultrasounds are safe for:

A

pregnant women and those with allergies to contrast media

61
Q

KUB x-ray:

A

centered on the iliac crest used to investigate GI conditions—-> can detect kidney stones

62
Q

(IVP) intravenous pyelogram:

A

contraindications: shellfish/iodine allergies, pregnancy involves contrast media to show the size, shape, and position of the urinary tract.

63
Q

Cystoscopy:

A

examination of the bladder and urethra via a cystoscopy (pink tinged urine common several days after)

64
Q

8ox of ice chips = how many mL?

A

4mL (ice chips are approximately 1/2 of their volume

65
Q

If the patient has consumed more fluid than has been excreted, the balance is:

A

positive

66
Q

When the patient excreted or loses more fluid than what is consumed, the balance is:

A

negative

67
Q

Avoid using indwelling catheters is a primary method for:

A

UTI prevention

68
Q

Catheters have to be changed:

A

monthly

69
Q

Common causes for urine discoloration:

A

food
medications
pathologic conditions

70
Q

Urine can be dilute or very concentrated

A

(light—->pale to dark amber); never cloudy

71
Q

Urea is the end product of protein metabolism and is measured as:

A

BUN

72
Q

BUN levels:

A

7-20 mg/dL

73
Q

Creatinine is a waste product that is produced in the blood as a by-product of:`

A

muscle metabolism

74
Q

Creatinine levels in woman:`

A

0.6-1.2

75
Q

Creatinine levels in men:

A

0.8-1.4`

76
Q

Urinalysis:

A

assess urine at a single point in time (screens for UTI and kidney disease)

77
Q

Normal pH:

A

6

4 would be considered acidic; 9 would be alkaline

78
Q

UTI suspicion?

A

check for nitrates

79
Q

24 hours urine collection:

A

performed to determine amount of creatinine cleared through the kidneys

Fundamentals (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions