Oxygenation Flashcards
Oxygenation:
part of Maslow’s
Adequate oxygenation of tissue is dependent upon intact:
cardiovascular and respiratory systems working together to oxygenate tissues
The right lung:
3 lobes
The left lung:
2 lobes (room for the heart)
Upper Respiratory Tract:
warms and filters air
Lower Respiratory Tract:
conducts the air, production of pulmonary sulfactant, and mucus cilliary clearance
Inspiration:
air movement into the lungs
Expiration:
air movement out of the lungs
Diaphragm:
primary muscle for inspirtation
Ventilation:
movement of air in and out of the lungs
Diffusion:
movement of gases between air spaces and the bloodstream
Transportation:
movement of blood into and out of the lungs to the organs and tissues of the body
Perfusion:
exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide for cellular metabolism
If the heart beats to fast or to slow:
the ability to pump oxygen to cells can be interrupted
Cellular Respiration:
produces ATP
Interruption of blood flow to the myocardium can be caused by:
narrowing of the arteries in the form of atherosclerosis, spasms, or congenital malformation of the arteries
Oxygen is carried by:
hemoglobin
Blood Clot Formation:
may result in a total lack of blow flow to a portion of the myocardium and result in a myocardial infarcation
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: (COPD)
general term used for a group of disorders characterized by impaired airflow in the lungs (which includes asthma, emphysema, and chronic bronchitis)
Pulse Oximetry:
measures oxygen saturation in arterial blood
Pulse Oximetry normal and abnormal ranges:
normal- 95-100% at least 90
abnormal- below 85%
Physical Assessment (Inspection):
shape/symmetry trachea pallor fingernail clubbing respiration rate sputum distress edemao
Tactile Fremitus:
palpable vibration transmitted through the chest wall that occurs with the movement of the vocal cords during speech (patient says 99)
COPD patients will have:
decreased tactile fremitus
Percussion Sounds:
lungs------->resonant emphysematus lungs------->hyper-resonant bone------>flat organs------>dull stomach------->tympanic
Adventitious:
abnormal
This part of the stethoscope will give the most information:
the bell
Emphysema:
retention problem——>air that can’t get out
Chronic Bronchitis:
obstructive problem——>cillia are damaged, so the mucus can’t be cleared out
When the body does not get enough oxygen:
it makes more RBC’s in order to transport oxygen. (levels can get so high the patient needs to be drained)
Cyanosis:
bluish discoloration of the skin related to deoxygenation of hemoglobin, a decreasing oxygen saturation level, and a feeling of distress
Asthma:
bronchoconstriction——->can’t get air out like emphysema
Pneumonia:
infection in the lungs——>monitor gas exchange and maintain a patent airway
Atelectasis:
collapse of lung tissue in the distal part of the lung—–> encourage adequate ventilation with deep breathing exercises to prevent atelectasis.
Focused cardiopulmonary assessment:
performed on any patient with symptoms of decreased oxygenation, SOB activity intolerance, or history of cardiac or respiratory problems
Bronchial Sounds: (normal)
heard over the main bronchi, inspiration is less than expiration
Bronchovesicular Sounds: (normal)
heard posterior between the scapulae; anterior around the upper sternum in the first two intercostal spaces, inspiration=expiration
Vesicular Sounds: (normal)
heard over most of the lung fields, inspiration is greater than expiration
Rhonchi Sounds:
heard over large airways——>caused by spasms or more commonly mucus secretions. example- straw
Crackles (Rales) Sounds:
heard over lung fields—–> cause is increase in interstitial lung water or deflated alveoli popping open, high-pitched, discontinuous, static-like. example- bubble wrap
Wheezes:
heard over lung fields and airways—–> cause by narrow airways. example balloon
Pleural Friction Rub:
dry, grating——>caused by inflammation. example- sand paper
Forced Vital Capacity (FVC):
volume of air that the patient can forcefully expire after the maximum amount of air is breathed in
Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 Second (FEV):
measures the volume of air expired in 1 second from the beginning of the FVC
Forced Expiratory Flow (FEF):
measures the maximal flow rate that is attained during the middle of the FVC maneuver
Residual Volume
amount of air remaining in the lungs after maximum expiration (can’t get it out)
Functional Residual Capacity (FRC):
the volume of air that remains in the patient’s lung after normal expiration
Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR):
uses a peak flow meter to estimate the volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled
Pleural Effusion:
excess fluid in the pleural cavity
Pericardial Effusion:
fluid around the heart
Electrocardiogram:
measurement of the electrical activity of the heart
Arrhythmias
abnormal rhythms of the heart
Echocardiogram:
heart ultrasound
Cardiac Catheterization:
when coronary arteries need to be visualized using contrast media. used to evaluate chest pain, locate the region of coronary artery occlusion and determine the effect of valvular heart disease
Thoracentesis:
procedure of entering the pleural cavity and aspirating fluid: is performed at the bedside
Dyspnea Management:
physical techniques: raise head of bed
oxygen therapy: appropriate
meds: bronchodilators
psychosocial techniques
Hypoxia:
inadequate blood oxygen levels in the tissues
Hypoxemia:
low oxygen levels in the blood
Does oxygen require an order?
yes
