Activity, Immobility, and Safe Movement Flashcards
Musculoskeletal System:
provides the framework for movement
Nervous System:
controls voluntary movement, posture, balance, and gait.
Cerebral Cortex:
regulates motor activity
Cerebellum:
controls coordination
Motor activity on the right side of the body is controlled by:
motor fibers on the left side of the brain. (vice-versa)
Neurotransmitters communicate electrical impulses from:
nerves-to-muscles facilitating movement
Proprioception:
awareness of posture and movement
Equilibrium:
balance that depends on the cerebellum and inner ear
Inner ear fluid remains stationary when the head moves quickly:
to allow a person to maintain balance
Body Alignment:
relationship of one body part to another
Body Balance:
achieved by low center of gravity; enhanced by posture
Friction:
force that occurs in a direction to oppose movement
Coordinated body movement:
result of weight, center of gravity, and balance
Lift Technique:
keep item close to your body
bend at knees
tightened ab muscles and tuck the pelvis
keep trunk erect and knees bent
Cardiopulmonary System:
provides oxygen and circulates nutrients to body tissues.
Damage to the cerebrum or cerebellum and spinal cord injury will impair:
a person’s ability to ambulate and control movement
Ischemia:
reduced blood flow
Hemiparesis:
weakness on one side of the body
Hemiplegia:
paralysis on one side of the body
Paraplegia:
lower body paralysis (caused by lower spinal cord trauma)
Flaccidity/Hypotonicity:
lack of muscle tone, results from lack of physical activity, injury, or neurological impairment
Spasticity/Hypertonicity
increases muscle tone, results from reduced ROM and abnormal movement patterns
Osteoporosis:
lack of bone mass
Osteoarthritis:
deterioration of joint cartilage
Quadriplegia:
inability to move all four extremities, also causes difficulty with breathing
Isotonic:
dynamic muscle contraction and active movement
Isometric:
static muscle contraction without joint movement
Isokinetic
muscle contraction against resistance
Aerobic:
activity amount of oz taken into the body is greater than that used to perform. uses larger muscle groups, improves cardiovascular conditioning.
Anaerobic:
muscle cannot draw enough oxygen from bloodstream
Atrophy:
wasting
Contracture:
permanent fixation of a joint
Footdrop:
permanent plantar flexion
Disuse Osteoporosis:
loss of bone mass due to lack of activity
Pathologic bone fracture:
spontaneous breaks without trauma
Sustained lack of activity may lead to resorption of bone, causing bone to become less dense and calcium to be released into the bloodstream, excess is excreted. This leads too:
Disuse osteoporosis and pathologoic bone fractures
Range of Motion:
degrees of movement
Active Range of Motion:
full movement
Passive Range of Motion:
nurse moves each joint to point of resistance
Dangling:
patient sits on the side of the bed before standing
Why is dangling important?
to prevent injury to previously non-ambulatory patients
Gait:
manner of walking
Cardiac Workload is Increased:
when the body is in the supine position due to increases venous return
Lung Expansion is Decreased:
because of the body’s weight against the bed puts pressure on the rib cage
The diaphragm:
has less room to expand due to pressure of organs
What is a DVT:
pooled blood combined with weakened calf muscle
BMK decreases:
body begins breaking down muscle protein for energy
Musculoskeletal:
disuse osteoporosis
disuse atrophy
contractures
stiffness and pain in joints
Cardiovascular:
diminished cardiac reserve orthostatic hypotension venous vasodilation and stasis dependent edema thrombus formation
Respiratory:
decreased respiratory movement
pooling of respiratory secretions
atelectasis
pneumonia
Metabolic:
decreased metabolic rate
negative nitrogen balance
anorexia
negative calcium balance
Urinary:
urinary stasis
renal calculi
urinary retention
urinary infection
GI:
anorexia
uncomfortable position
embarrassment
constipation
Psychoneurological:
decline in mood elevating substances
perception of time intervals deteriorates
problem solving and decision making abilities deteriorate
Integumentary:
decubitus ulcers
venous stasis ulcers
necrosis
Urinary Stasis:
may develop due to the dependent position of the bladder when patients are supine
Breeding ground for UTI’s
stagnant urine
Pressure on bony prominences:
can cause tissue ischemia
Prolonged tissue ischemia:
may lead to necrosis
Necrosis:
death of cells, tissue, or organs and destruction of all layers of the skin, muscles, and fat
Assessment of the skin include:
observation of color, texture, warmth, and intactness
Normal Reactive Hyperemia:
increased blood flow after restoration of the blood supply
Isolation:
may result from inactivity and bed rest
Sleep and Rest Patterns:
may be disturbed because of inactivity, environmental noise, constant disruptions for direct care and treatments, and frequent napping throughout the day
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are use for:
mild to moderate pain relief
Moderate to Severe Pain:
Narcotics
Why do you medicate a patine before activity?
to enhance the patient’s ability to move
Logrolling:
moving the whole body as a unit
Trochanter Rolls:
keep the hip from externally rotating when the patient is in supine position
Transfer belts should be used for patients with:
unsteady gait or generalized weakness
Example of Isotonic Exercise:
ADL’s, ROM, walking
Example of Isometric Exercise:
kegel exerceise, planks
Example of Isokinetic Exercise:
leg extension machine
Example of Aerobic Exercise:
running/biking
Example of Anaerobic Exercise
sprinting, weight-lifting
Weight bearing exercises can decrease:
risk for osteoporosis
Factors affecting body alignment and activity:
growth and development
behavioral aspects
cultural and ethic origin
Can a nurse delegate getting a patient out of bed for the first time?
No, this cannot be delegated
If patients on bed rest have some mobility, the nurse should teach them:
to shift every 15 minutes
Turn immobile patients every:
2 hours
