Urinary and Reproductive Systems Flashcards
functions include filtering blood plasma of metabolic wastes, electrolyte/water homeostasis, and forming urine (filtrate)
kidney
the medial portion of the kidney where the blood vessels, nerves and ureter enter/exit the kidney
hilus
blood vessels that branch from the aorta and inferior vena cava, renal artery and vein
renal vessels
the surrounding protective layer of the kidney
capsule
lighter colored outer portion of the kidney subjacent to the capsule, contains the glomerulus, proximal and distal convoluted tubules.
renal cortex
darker inner portion of the kidney, contains the renal pyramids, the nephron loops and the collecting (papillary) ducts
renal medulla
cone-shaped masses of tissue in the medulla containing the collecting ducts, the base faces the capsule
renal pyramid
the internally pointed bottom portion of the renal pyramids usually lighter in color projects into the calyces
papilla
cup-shaped drain which collects urine discharged from papilla
minor calyx
formed by the union of several minor calyces; channels urine to renal pelvis
major calyx
runnel shaped region formed by the uniting of several major calyces; collects and funnels urine to the ureter
renal pelvis
a microscopic structure, it forms the function unit of excretion and forms urine by filtering metabolic waste from the blood
nephron
transports blood to the glomerulus for filtration
afferent glomerular arteriole
a capillary plexus located between afferent and efferent arterioles that produces a filtrate yet prevents the passage of platelets and proteins into the glomerular capsule
glomerulus
the blood vessel through which plasma platelets and proteins and blood cells are transported form the glomerulus to the renal vein and ultimately to the heart
efferent glomerular arteriole
located in the cortex, the structure surrounding the glomerulus and associated with proximal convoluted tubule
glomerular capsule
the that part of the renal tubule that is associated with the glomerulus, responsible for reabsorption of water, nutrients and electrolytes
proximal convoluted tubule
composed of a descending loop and an ascending loop, responsible for reabsorption of water and electrolytes
nephron loop (loop of Henle)
the distal coiled part of the nephron, empties into the collecting duct
distal convoluted tubule
receives urine from distal convoluted tubules of several nephrons, delivers urine to the calyces
collecting (papillary) duct
tubes form the hilus of each kidney that transport urine to the urinary bladder
ureter
a distendable sac for storage of urine, composed of four tissue layers specialized for stretching
urinary bladder
triangular region on the posterior side of the bladder formed by the two ureter openings and a single urethral opening
trigone
a small tube that externally transports urine from the urinary bladder to the urethral orifice
urethra
an involuntary, smooth muscle surrounding the urethra directly inferior to the bladder prevents urine from leaving the bladder
internal urethral sphincter
a voluntary, skeletal muscle in the floor of the pelvis (urogenital diaphragm)
external urethral sphincter
external opening of the urethra
urethral orifice
diamond-shaped area between the thighs; circumscribed by pubic symphysis, ischial tuberosities, and coccyx
perineum
a compartment external to the pelvic cavity that supports and protects the testes
scrotum
distinct ridgelike seam at the midline of the scrotum; extends anteriorly to penis and posteriorly to anus
raphe
divides the scrotum into two compartments, one for each testis
median septum
smooth muscle within the wall of the scrotum, functions involuntarily to maintain the temperature of the testis about three degrees below normal body temperature, ensuring normal spermatogenesis
dartos muscle
skeletal muscle located in the spermatic cord and surrounding the testis, is continuous with the internal abdominal oblique muscle, elevates testis
cremaster muscle
paired oval shaped organ located within the scrotum for sperm and hormone production
testis
a fibrous connective tissue layer that directly covers the testis
tunica albuginea
coiled sperm producing tubes within the lobules of the testis
seminiferous tubules
convey sperm from the seminiferous tubules to the epididymis
efferent ductules
a convoluted tube that acts as a storage area for spermatozoa to mature, then transports them to the vas deferens, located on the posterior, superior portion of the testis
epididymis
a tube that transports sperm form the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct then joins with the duct leading from the seminal vesicle
ductus (vas) deferens
a connective tissue cord that runs from the testis through the inguinal ring of the inguinal ligament consisting of ductus deferens, cremaster muscles, testicular arteries, veins and nerves
spermatic cord
a ligament that extends form the crest of the ilium to the pubic tubercle
inguinal ligament
an opening in the inguinal ligament that allows the spermatic cord to pass through the abdominal wall
inguinal canal
located behind the urinary bladder, its secretion combines with sperm being transported by the ductus deferens; secretes fructose, vitamin C and prostaglandins
seminal vesicle
gland located inferior to the urinary bladder, surrounding the upper part of the urethra; secretions liquify sperm upon ejaculation
prostate
approximately one-inch long tube formed by the union of the ductus deferens and the seminal vesicle duct
ejaculatory duct
small paired gland located beneath the prostate gland, secretes mucus into the urethra
bulbourethral gland
tube that transports either urine from the bladder or semen form reproductive glands
urethra
first part of the urethra that passes through the prostate gland
prostatic urethra
middle part of the urethra that traverses the urogenital diaphragm
membranous urethra
the last and longest part of the urethra located in the body of the penis
spongy urethra
a cylindrical organ attached to the pubic arch, made of erectile tissue that becomes engorged with blood for copulation
penis
the enlarged terminal portion of the penis, formed by the corpus spongiosum
glans
continuous skin covering the glans, removed by circumcision
prepuce
composed of three chambers of erectile tissue
body
paired columns of erectile tissue located dorsally within the penis
corpora cavernosa
one located in each of the corpora cavernosa; supply erectile bodies with blood
deep arteries
midventral erectile tissue that surrounds the spongy urethra
corpus spongiosum
one deep, one superficial, drain blood from penis
dorsal veins
paired almond shaped organ lateral to uterus that produces the ova and secretes estrogen and progesterone
ovary
a fibrous connective tissue layer that surrounds the ovary
tunica albuginea
ciliated projections of the distal uterine tube that cover the lateral portion of the ovary
fimbriae
paired elongated duct through which ova are transported from ovary to the uterus, usual site of fertilization
uterine tube (oviduct)
the organ in which implantation of the fertilized egg occurs, its wall is composed of three layers
uterus
outermost covering of the uterus
perimetrium
the thick middle layer of the uterus which is shed during menstruation
myometrium
the inner mucosal layer of the uterus which is shed during menstruation
endometrium
specific layer of the endometrium that replenishes that endometrium after menstruation
stratum basalis
specific layer of the endometrium that degenerates during menstruation
stratum functionalis
the round superior portion of the uterus
fundus
the larger main part of the uterus
body
the narrow inferior part of the uterus surrounding the external os
cervix
cervical opening of the uterus into the vagina, dilates during delivery
external os
passes anterolaterally from the uterus to the abdominal wall, through the inguinal canal, and terminate in the labia majora
round ligament of the uterus
a tube inferior to the uterus, the opening of which lies posterior to the urethra and anterior to the anus
vagina
transverse ridges of the internal vaginal lining that permit stretching of the birth canal
vaginal rugae
external opening of the vagina, partially covered by the hymen
vaginal orifice
masses of erectile tissue are situated deep to the labial skin
vestibular bulbs
pea sized glands located on each side of the vagina, deep to labia majora, provide lubrication during sexual arousal
vestibular glands
refers to the external female genitalia
vulva
the fatty part of the female external genitalia overlying the pubic symphysis
mons pubis
part of the female external genitalia lateral to the vagina opening and continuous with the mons pubis
labia majora
hairless longitudinal folds of skin located medial to the labia majora
labia minora
erectile tissue anterior to the urethral orifice in the female
clitoris
fold of skin that surrounds and protects the glands of clitoris
clitoral hood
the elongated space enclosed by the labia minora, contains urethral and vaginal openings
vestibule
diamond shaped region inferior to pelvis containing anal, vaginal and urethral openings
perineum
site of milk production and secretion
breast
secretory structures within the breasts, function in females during lactation
mammary glands
passageway for milk from the alveoli of the mammary gland to the nipple
lactiferous duct
the central projection of the breast through which the lactiferous ducts exit, comprised partly of erectile tissue
nipple
a pigmented region of the breast that surrounds the nipple
areola
sebaceous glands that form bumps in the areola surrounding the nipple
areolar glands
