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Anatomy > Central Nervous System and Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Central Nervous System and Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

composed of the brain and the spinal cord

A

central nervous system

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2
Q

located within the cortex of the brain, composed of nerve cell bodies.

A

gray matter

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3
Q

located beneath the cortex, composed of tracts of myelinated nerve fibers

A

white matter

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4
Q

the main, superior component of the brain in charge of memory and reason; is divided into two hemispheres and further into five lobes

A

cerebrum

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5
Q

elevations of the cortical surface of the brain

A

cerebral gyrus

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6
Q

grooves between the cerebral gyri

A

cerebral sulcus

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7
Q

deep groove that separates the right and left cerebral hemispheres, follows the sagittal suture line

A

longitudinal fissure

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8
Q

comprises most of the anterior half of the cerebrum, in charge of personality and contraction of skeletal muscle

A

frontal lobe

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9
Q

the top, posterior portion of the cerebrum, associated with speech, emotions, and visual interpretations.

A

parietal lobe

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10
Q

the lateral portion of the cerebrum, associated with memory, hearing, and visual activities

A

temporal lobe

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11
Q

found deep beneath the lateral sulcus, associated with memory and interpretation of tase

A

insula lobe

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12
Q

divides the brain in a coronal section, separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe

A

central sulcus

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13
Q

most posterior portion of the cerebrum associated with interpretation of visual images and eye movement

A

occipital lobe

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14
Q

divides the brain in a transverse section, follows the squamous suture, separates the frontal and temporal lobes

A

lateral sulcus

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15
Q

separates parietal and occipital lobes, can only be seen from the medial side of a sagittal cut

A

parietooccipital sulcus

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16
Q

a commissure connecting the two cerebral hemispheres, unifying awareness between them

A

corpus callosum

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17
Q

anterior portion of the corpus callosum

A

genu

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18
Q

posterior portion of the corpus callosum

A

splenium

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19
Q

located just superior to the corpus callosum, responsible for processing emotions related to the consolidation of short-term into long-term memories, and processing of motivation; part of limbic system.

A

cingulate system

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20
Q

continuation of cingulate gyrus to medial temporal lobe; contains the entrohinal cortex, part of limbic system

A

parahippocampal gyrus

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21
Q

paired organ lateral and superior to third ventricle of the diencephalon, receives and sends impulses to precise locations within the cerebral lobes from interpretation; part of the somatosensory system and limbic system.

A

thalamus

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22
Q

a small, midline commissure connecting the right and left thalamus

A

interthalamic ahesion (intermediate mass)

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23
Q

a small hormone secreting gland in the posterior portion of the epithalamus, located superior to the corpora quadrigemina

A

pineal gland (body)

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24
Q

located within the floor of the diecephalon or third ventricle; provides control over the autonomic nervous system and endocrine system

A

hypothalamus

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25
Q

the stalk that connects the pituitary and the hypothalamus

A

infundibulum

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26
Q

a small endocrine gland projecting inferiorly from the hypothalamus and situated in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone, “master gland”

A

pituitary gland

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27
Q

two nodes located inferior to the third ventricle and superior and anterior to the pons, function as a relay center for olfactory sensations; part of limbic system

A

mammillary gland

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28
Q

located in the medial temporal lobe underneath the cortical surface, makes up part of the limbic system; plays a role in spatial navigation and forming short-term memories.

A

hippocampus

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29
Q

white matter tract connecting the hippocampus to the mammillary body on each hemisphere; part of limbic system

A

fornix

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30
Q

“almond” shaped structure located anterior to the hippocampus; responsible for processing emotions related to the formation of short-term memories

A

amygdala

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31
Q

consists of mid-brain, pons, and medulla oblongata

A

brain stem

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32
Q

consists of the cerebral peduncles anteriorly and the corpora quadrigemina posteriorly

A

midbrain

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33
Q

white matter tracts linking the cerebrum with the pons; forms the ventral portion of the midbrain

A

cerebral peduncles

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34
Q

four rounded elevations that form the dorsal portion of the midbrain; consists of the superior and inferior colliculus; responsible for auditory and visual reflexes

A

tectum (corpora quadrigemina)

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35
Q

larger than the inferior colliculus, responsible for visual relfexes

A

superior colliculus

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36
Q

responsible for auditory reflexes, turning our heads towards a startling sound

A

inferior colliculus

37
Q

a mound inferior to the brain caudal to the midbrain, contains respiratory centers.

38
Q

ventral part of the midbrain and pons, (does not include the cerebral peduncles or pyramidal tracts); controls basic body and limb movements

39
Q

portion of the brainstem between the pons and spinal cord, regulates breathing, heart beat, and blood pressure

A

medulla oblangata

40
Q

white matter tracts linking the cerebellum with the pons, the cerebellum receives motor movement information via this connection.

A

cerebellar peduncles

41
Q

relatively large, posterior, inferior region of the brain involved in coordination and equilibrium

A

cerebellum

42
Q

central structure between the cerebellar hemispheres

43
Q

portion of the cerebellum composed of white matter (viewed in sagittal section)

A

arbor vitae

44
Q

three distinct membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord for protection and for accommodation of blood vessels and cerebrospinal fluid

45
Q

outermost membrane in direct contact with the bones of the skull; extends into the longitudinal fissure of the brain and attaches to the crista galli

A

dura mater

46
Q

a net-like membrane located between the dura mater and the pia mater

A

arachnoid mater

47
Q

highly vascular membrane which attaches directly to the brain and spinal cord and follows the contours, supports the blood vessels that supply the brain and spinal cord, contributes to choroid plexus

48
Q

paired arteries originating from the subclavian arteries, passing through the transverse foramen and foramen magnum, uniting to form the basilar artery

A

vertebral arteries

49
Q

central artery anterior to brain stem that branches to cerebellum, pons, and inner ear

A

basilar artery

50
Q

paired arteries originating from the common carotid arteries, passing through the carotid canal of the temporal bone

A

internal carotid arteries

51
Q

series of vessels that encircle the pituitary gland, uniting anterior and posterior circulations

A

cerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis)

52
Q

a clear fluid found in the ventricles, central canal of the spinal cord, and subarachnoid space; serves as a protective cushion and source of nourishment

A

cerebrospinal (cerebral spinal) fluid

53
Q

paired chambers located deep within each hemisphere below the corpus callosum

A

lateral ventricles

54
Q

a vertical membranous wall just inferior to the body of the corpus callosum separating the two lateral ventricles

A

septum pellucidum

55
Q

narrow ventricle located in the diencephalon between the right and left thalamus

A

third ventricle

56
Q

canal-like structure that connects the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle

A

fourth ventricle

57
Q

a cluster of capillaries found lining the ventricles; produces cerebral spinal fluid

A

choroid plexus

58
Q

a groove running the length of spinal cord on the anterior aspect

A

anterior median fissure

59
Q

a groove running the length of the spinal cord on the posterior aspect

A

posterior median sulcus

60
Q

a canal that runs down the middle of the spinal column within the gray matter and is filled with cerebral spinal fluid

A

central canal

61
Q

found on the inner portion of the spinal cord, is a mixture of unmyelinated association neurons, nerve cell bodies and neuroglia

A

gray matter

62
Q

the anterior “arms” of grey matter that contains cell bodies of motor or association (inter) neurons

A

anterior horns

63
Q

the lateral “arms” of grey matter that contains cell bodies of motor or association (inter) neurons

A

lateral horns

64
Q

anterior columns of the white matter of the spinal cord containing fiber tracts

A

anterior funiculi

65
Q

lateral columns of the white matter of the spinal cord containing fiber tracts

A

lateral funiculi

66
Q

outer portion of the spinal cord composed primarily of myelinated axons of sensory (ascending) and motor (descending) neurons

A

white matter

67
Q

the posterior “arms” of grey matter that contain axons of sensory neurons and cell bodies of association (inter) neurons

A

posterior horns

68
Q

posterior columns of the white matter of the spinal cord containing fiber tracts

A

posterior funiculi

69
Q

a bundle of sensory afferent nerve cell bodies

A

dorsal root ganglion

70
Q

most anterior sensory nerve; transvere the foramina in the ethmoidal cribriform plate
Sensory: Smell

A

olfactory nerve I

71
Q

tip of the nerve

A

olfactory bulb

72
Q

impulses pass through here to the cerebral cortex to be interpreted

A

olfactory tract

73
Q

anterior portion leading to eye; passes through the optic canal
Sensory: sight

A

optic nerve II

74
Q

middle portion of the “X”

A

optic chiasm

75
Q

posterior portion that leads posteriorly to the thalamus

A

optic tract

76
Q

transmitted through the superior orbital fissure; movement of most of the eye muscle; arises anterior and superior to the pons
Motor: Ciliary muscle, constricts pupil, extrinsic eye muscles except superior oblique and lateral rectus

A

oculomotor nerve III

77
Q

passes through the superior orbital fissure superior to the oblique eye muscle; arises near corpora quadrigemina or inferior colliculi
Motor: superior oblique muscle of eye

A

trochlear nerve IV

78
Q

largest of the cranial nerves, used in dentistry to desensitize teeth and gums, comprised of three branches; originates lateral to pons.
Sensory: face, teeth & tongue
Motor: muscles of mastication

A

trigeminal nerve V

79
Q

transmitted through the superior orbital fissure; innervates forehead and scalp region

A

ophthalmic division V1

80
Q

transmitted through the foramen rotundum to the upper jaw region

A

maxillary division V2

81
Q

transmitted through the foramen ovale to lower jaw region

A

mandibular division V3

82
Q

transmitted through the superior orbital fissure; innervates the lateral rectus muscle of eye
Motor: lateral rectus muscle of eye

A

abducens nerve VI

83
Q

transmitted through the stylomastoid foramen and the internal acoustic meatus; innervates muscles of facial expressions, salivary glands, taste buds and lacrimal gland
Sensory: taste (anterior 2/3 of tongue)
Motor: muscle of facial expression, secretion of saliva and tears

A

facial nerve VII

84
Q

transmitted through the internal acoustic meatus; involved in equilibrium and hearing
Sensory: hearing, balance, and posture

A

vestibulochlear nerve VIII

85
Q

transmitted through the jugular foramen; innervates muscles used in swallowing, salivary glands and taste buds
Sensory: taste (posterior 1/3 of tongue)
Motor: swallowing and secretion of saliva

A

glossopharyngeal nerve IX

86
Q

transmitted through the jugular foramen; innervates muscles of swallowing and muscles of the respiratory tract, heart, esophagus and abdominal viscera
Sensory and Motor: 70% of the parasympathetic division of the ANS

A

vagus nerve X

87
Q

transmitted through the jugular foramen; innervates and sternocleidomastoid to move the head, neck, and shoulders
Motor: trapezius and sternocleidomastoid

A

accessory nerve XI

88
Q

transmitted through the hypoglossal canal; innervates muscles of the tongue
Motor: muscles of the tongue

A

hypoglossal nerve XII

Anatomy (12 decks)

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