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Anatomy > Respiratory and Digestive System > Flashcards

Respiratory and Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

nostrils

A

external nares

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2
Q

internal region of nose lined with ciliated mucus-secreting cells

A

nasal cavity

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3
Q

partition between nasal cavities, composed of ethmoid bone, perpendicular plate, vomer and cartilage

A

nasal septum

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4
Q

ethmoid bones lined with mucosa, specialized to filter, warm and moisten inspired air

A

turbinate bones (conchae)

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5
Q

funnel-like passageway between the nasal cavity and nasopharynx

A

choanae (internal nares)

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6
Q

region that joins the nasal and oral cavities to the larynx and esophagus, common pathway for food and air

A

pharynx

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7
Q

upper portion of the pharynx that begins at the choanae and ends at the hard palate

A

nasopharynx

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8
Q

lymphatic tissue known as adenoids located in the posterior wall of the nasopharynx

A

pharyngeal tonsil

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9
Q

part of the pharynx lined with stratified squamous epithelium that begins at the uvula and ends at the level of the hyoid bone

A

oropharynx

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10
Q

posterior portion of the roof of the mouth lacking bone

A

soft palate

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11
Q

posterior extension of the soft palate, elevates during swallowing to prevent food from entering the nasal cavity

A

uvula

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12
Q

paired lymph nodes positioned in the back of the throat

A

palatine tonsil

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13
Q

located posteriorly on the surface of the tongue

A

lingual tonsil

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14
Q

most inferior portion of the pharynx that continues from the level of the hyoid bone to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage; posterior to the larynx

A

laryngopharynx

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15
Q

continuous with the trachea inferiorly, prevents food from entering lungs, also produce sound

A

larynx

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16
Q

largest and most anterior cartilage of larynx does not wrap around the trachea, only the anterior aspect

A

thyroid cartilage

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17
Q

extends around the entire trachea is small anteriorly and large posteriorly, connects thyroid cartilage to trachea inferiorly

A

cricoid cartilage

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18
Q

cartilage located superior to cricoid and posterior to thyroid cartilages, for attachment of vocal cords

A

arytenoid cartilage

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19
Q

closes glottis upon swallowing to prevent food from entering respiratory track

A

epiglottis

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20
Q

structure of the larynx composed of the vocal folds and the space between them; the region of the larynx where sound is made

A

glottis

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21
Q

pair of mucosal folds extending across upper opening of larynx from thyroid to arytenoid carrilages; vibrate to produce sound

A

vocal folds (true vocal cords)

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22
Q

pair of horizontal mucosal folds superior to vocal folds; play no part in sound production

A

vestibular folds (false vocal cords)

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23
Q

a large tube descending from the larynx, lined with ciliated pseudostratified solumnar epithelium, containing several cartilaginous rings

A

trachea

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24
Q

internal ridge formed by last tracheal cartilage maring division of trachea into bronchi; associated with cough reflex

A

carina

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25
Q

series of branches that gradually get smaller from the trachea to the alveolar ducts

A

bronchial tree

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26
Q

first branch after the tracheal bifurcation

A

primary bronchi

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27
Q

second division, there are 3 on the right and 2 on the left for each lobe of the lungs

A

secondary bronchi

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28
Q

third division, there may be up to 20 more divisions before reaching the bronchioles

A

tertiary bronchi

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29
Q

slightly larger than the left lung, consists of superior, middle, and inferior lobes

A

right lung

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30
Q

smaller than the right lung, consists of superior and inferior lobes

A

left lung

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31
Q

depression of the left lung’s medial border that accommodates the heart

A

cardiac notch

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32
Q

serous membrane intimately associated with the outer surface of the lung

A

visceral pleura

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33
Q

serous membrane that lines the thoracic wall, the mediastinum, and the superior portion of the diaphragm

A

parietal pleura

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34
Q

moistened, slit like space between visceral and parietal pleurae; reduces friction, prevents adhesion

A

pleural cavity

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35
Q

dome shaped muscle superior to the liver, moves inferiorly when contracted thereby increasing the thoracic volume for inspiration

A

diaphragm

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36
Q

paired nerve that innervates the diaphragm on each side to control rate of breathing

A

phrenic nerve

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37
Q

contraction elevates the ribs increasing capacity of thoracic cavity during inspiration

A

external intercostal muscles

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38
Q

aid in inspiration and also forced expiration

A

internal intercostal muscles

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39
Q

extends across inner surface of thoracic cage and inserts on ribs 2-6, helps depress the ribs

A

transversus thoracis

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40
Q

the mouth

A

oral cavity

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41
Q

lined with stratified squamous epithelium, contain the buccinator muscle

A

cheeks

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42
Q

the anterior, superior portion of the oral cavity

A

hard palate

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43
Q

irregular surface of the anterior hard palate

A

palatal rugae

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44
Q

lips

A

labia

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45
Q

a mucous membrane that attaches the lips to the gum both superiorly and inferiorly

A

labial frenulum

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46
Q

the space between the lips or cheeks and the gums

A

oral vestibule

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47
Q

full set consists of 32 individualized structures

48
Q

four upper four lower anterior teeth each having ta single root, cutters

49
Q

two upper, to lower teeth each having a single root, used to pierce and tear food

50
Q

four upper and four lower bicuspids each with roots, used for grinding food

A

premolars (bicuspids)

51
Q

six upper and six lower teeth, the last of which are called wisdom teeth, two to three roots and four or five cusps, best teeth for grinding

52
Q

irreular chewing surface on molars and premolars that fit into the valleys of the opposite molars for crushing food

53
Q

anchors the tooth by embedding in the alveoli of the mandible

54
Q

sockets lined with connective tissue in which teeth are fastened

55
Q

the hardest structure found in the body, located on the outermost portion of the tooth

56
Q

layer beneath the enamel of a tooth, comprises most of the mass of the tooth, between bone and enamel in terms of hardness

57
Q

innermosst portion of the tooth that contains blood vessels and nerves

58
Q

gums; surrounds the alveolar processes, continuous with the periodontal ligament, anchors the tooth in the socket

59
Q

tubuloalveolar structures which secrete saliva for digesting starches and lubricating oropharynx with mucus to enhance swallowing.

A

salivary glands

60
Q

largest of these glands, located inferior and anterior to the external ear beneath the skin, become swollen following infestation with mumps virus

A

parotid salivary glands

61
Q

this gland lies inferomedial to the body of the mandible

A

submandibular salivary gland

62
Q

lies inferior to the tongue and anterior to the submandibular gland

A

sublinguinal salivary gland

63
Q

serous membrane covering organs of the abdominal cavity, largest serous membrane in the body

A

visceral peritoneum

64
Q

serous membrane that lines the abdominal and pelvic cavities

A

parietal peritoneum

65
Q

the space between the visceral and perieatal peritoneal membranes

A

peritoneal cavity

66
Q

upper portion of the GI and respiratory tracts wehre food enters the esophagus

67
Q

a collapsed tube (when empty) located posterior to the trachea, empties into the stomach

68
Q

circular muscle at the juncture between the esophagus and stomach

A

cardiac (inferior esophageal) sphincter

69
Q

the most distended part of the GI tract, stores food and converts it to chyme which is emptied into the small intestine

70
Q

region of the stomach attached to the esophagus

A

cardiac region

71
Q

the most superior portion of the stomach, touches the diaphragm

72
Q

the major portion of the stomach, inferior to the fundus

73
Q

the left convex margin of the stomach

A

greater curvature

74
Q

mesentery which anchors greater curvature of the stomach to posterior abdominal wall, drapes over most of the abdominal organs

A

greater omentum

75
Q

the right concave margin of the stomach

A

lesser curvature

76
Q

extends from the inferior surface of the liver and attaches to the lesser curvature with the stomach’s visceral peritoneum

A

lesser omentum

77
Q

visible folds on the inner stomach which allow the walls to stretch

A

grastic rugae

78
Q

the terminal portion of the stomach that leads to the duodenum

A

pyloric region

79
Q

a circular muscle that controls transport of chyme from the stomach to the small intestine

A

pyloric sphincter

80
Q

longest part of the GI tract, located between the pyloric sphincter and the ileocecal valve of the large intestine, responsible for digestion and absorption of food

A

small intestine

81
Q

the fan-shaped fold of the peritoneum that suspends most of the small intestine from the internal surface of the posterior abdominal wall

A

mesentery proper

82
Q

macroscopic folds in the small intestine which increase surface area to enhance nutrient absorption

A

plicae circulares

83
Q

the c-shaped superior portion of the small intestine that receives bile from gallbladder and digestive enzymes form pancreas; measures 12 inches

84
Q

the middle portion of SI characterized by a relatively large lumen and increased number of plicae circulares; measures 8 feet

85
Q

terminal portion of the small intestine, contains numerous lymphatics in the walls; measures 12 feet

86
Q

a sphincter located on the terminal end of the ileum that prohibits backflow of chyme into the small intestine

A

ileocecal valve

87
Q

from ileocecal valve to anal canal, this part of GI tract absorbs water and electrolytes form the chyme and forms and expels the feces

A

Large intestine

88
Q

an elargement of the LI on the right lower abdomen near the ileocecal valve

89
Q

a worm like appendage on the cecum that contains lymphatic tissue

90
Q

a shiny band of longitudinal muscle along the entire length of the LI for movement and feces

A

teniae coli

91
Q

bulges in the wall of the LI caused by contraction of the teniae coli

92
Q

fat accumulations on visceral peritoneum of LI

A

epiploic appendages

93
Q

portion of the colon along the right side of the abdomen form the cecum to the level of the kidney

A

ascending colon

94
Q

curvature of the colon on the right side of the abdomen near the liver

A

hepatic flexure

95
Q

middle portion of the colon where it crosses the upper abdominal cavity

A

transverse colon

96
Q

opposite of the hepatic flexure, the left curvature of the colon near the spleen

A

splenic flexure

97
Q

the portion of the colon which descends the left side of the abdominal wall

A

descending colon

98
Q

the S-shaped bend at the terminal end of the colon

A

sigmoid colon

99
Q

6 inch portion of the Gi tract following the sigmoid colon, strong muscular contractions expel the feces

100
Q

terminal inch of the LI following the rectum

A

anal canal

101
Q

located within the walls of the anal canal, involuntary smooth muscle

A

internal anal sphincter

102
Q

located outside the walls of the anal canal, composed of voluntary skeletal muscle

A

external anal sphincter

103
Q

external opening of the anus

104
Q

a large organ located in the upper abdomen, inferior to the diaphragm, stores glycogen, detoxifies the blood synthesizes bile

105
Q

the largest lobe, on the right side

A

right lobe

106
Q

intermediate size lob on the left side

107
Q

small lobe of the liver, part of the right lobe located next to the gallbladder

A

quadrate lobe

108
Q

small lobe of the liver, part of the right lobe located deeper near the inferior vena cava

A

cuadate lobe

109
Q

a ligament that seperates the left and right lobes and connects the liver to the diaphragm

A

falciform ligament

110
Q

collects bile from the right side of liver

A

right hepatic duct

111
Q

collects bile from the left side of liver

A

left hepatic duct

112
Q

formed by the union of the right and left hepatic ducts; the duct through which bile from the liver moves to the cystic an common bile ducts

A

common hepatic duct

113
Q

a muscular sac attached to the inferior aspect of the liver, stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver

A

gallbladder

114
Q

passage for bile from the gallbladder, meets with the common hepatic duct to form the common bile duct

A

cystic ducts

115
Q

the duct formed by the union of the cystic duct and the common hepatic duct; conveys bile to the duodenum

A

common bile duct

116
Q

lobulated organ that lies horizontal and inferior to the stomach, secretes digestive enzymes, insulin and glucagon

Anatomy (12 decks)

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