Urinary anatomy quiz

Question 1

what is the definition of urine?

Answer 1

liquid waste produced by kidneys

Question 2

what is the expected transparency of urine?

Answer 2

expected: clear
can be: cloudy (microbes/solutes)

Question 3

what is the expected color of urine? where does this color come from?

Answer 3

pale yellow
urochrome

Question 4

what is the expected pH of healthy urine?

Answer 4

6.0

Question 5

what can be the potential odors of urine?

Answer 5

odorless, food, sweet, ammonia, musty

Question 6

urine is filtered ______________…?

Answer 6

blood plasma

Question 7

what is the structure within the nephron that filters blood plasma? located where?

Answer 7

filtration membrane
location: at the glomerulus

Question 8

what is the size of solutes that can pass through the filtration membrane?

Answer 8

< 5 nm

Question 9

what are solutes that are < 5 nm? name examples

Answer 9

1. ions: Cl-, SO4-, NO3-
2. organic nutrients: glucose, amino acids, vitamins, nucleotides
3. nitrogenous wastes: uric acid, urea, creatinine

Question 10

what will happen to the organic nutrients that pass through the filtration membrane?

Answer 10

will be reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule

Question 11

what are the solutes that are > 5 mm? name examples?

Answer 11

1. protein: albumin, antibodies
2. formed elements: RBC, WBC, platelets

Question 12

what was the reagent in the chloride test? what was a positive result?

Answer 12

silver nitrate
cloudy (white precipitate)

Question 13

what was the reagent in the sulfate test? what was a positive result?

Answer 13

• dilute hydrochloric acid
• 10% barium chloride
  cloudy (white precipitate)

Question 14

what is the expected results in the leukocyte dipstick test? why?

Answer 14

negative
size exclusion

Question 15

what is the expected results in the nitrite dipstick test? why?

Answer 15

negative
nitrite (NO2) is only produced by bacteria

Question 16

what is the expected results in the urobilinogen dipstick test? why?

Answer 16

0.1 - 2.0 mg/ dL
comes from bilirubin which kidneys then eliminate

Question 17

what is the expected results in the protein dipstick test? why?

Answer 17

little to none
size exclusion

Question 18

what is the expected results in the pH dipstick test? why?

Answer 18

6.0
acid mantel of the innate immunity

Question 19

what is the expected results in the blood dipstick test? why?

Answer 19

negative
size exclusion

Question 20

what is the expected results in the specific gravity dipstick test? why?

Answer 20

1.001 - 1.035
has to have some solutes (cannot be equal to water, has to be more)

Question 21

what is the expected results in the ketone dipstick test? why?

Answer 21

negative
carb metabolism does not produce

Question 22

what is the expected results in the bilirubin dipstick test? why?

Answer 22

negative
should go out in bile (not directly to kidneys)

Question 23

what is the expected results in the glucose dipstick test? why?

Answer 23

negative
should be 100% reabsorbed in PCT

Question 24

what does a positive result in the leukocyte dipstick test indicate?

Answer 24

pyuria: pus in urine
means UTI

Question 25

what does a positive result in the nitrite dipstick test indicate?

Answer 25

nitrituria: nitrite in urine
means UTI due to bacterial waste presence

Question 26

what does a low/high result in the urobilinogen dipstick test indicate?

Answer 26

low: blocked bile duct
high: hemolytic crisis (lots of RBC waste)

Question 27

what does a excess presence of protein in the protein dipstick test indicate?

Answer 27

proteinuria: protein in urine
means extreme dehydration balancing osmolarity

Question 28

what does a low/high result in the pH dipstick test indicate?

Answer 28

low: high protein diet
high: UTI, vegetarian diet, vomiting

Question 29

what does a positive result in the blood dipstick test indicate?

Answer 29

hematuria: blood in urine
bleeding in urinary tract, infection, mensuration, kidney stones

Question 30

what does a low/high result in the specific gravity dipstick test indicate?

Answer 30

low: not bad, just well hydrated
high: dehydrated

Question 31

what does a positive result in the ketone dipstick test indicate?

Answer 31

ketonuria: ketones in urine
starving for carbs

Question 32

what does a positive result in the bilirubin dipstick test indicate?

Answer 32

bilirubinuria: bilirubin in blood
blocked bile duct

Question 33

what does a positive result in the glucose dipstick test indicate?

Answer 33

glycosuria: glucose in urine
diabetes mellitus

Question 34

what does size exclusion mean?

Answer 34

too big to cross the filtration membrane

Question 35

describe two dipstick tests that would indicate a UTI

Answer 35

positive for leukocytes
positive for nitrite

Question 36

describe a dipstick test that would indicate kidney stones

Answer 36

positive for blood

Question 37

what does specific gravity measure and how does it change with dehydration?

Answer 37

measures the density of urine given by the dissolved solutes

increases with dehydration because the body is reabsorbing water so the urine is concentrated

Question 38

describe how we prepared our samples for microscopic analysis

Answer 38

1. centrifuge to separate solute from supernatant
2. pour out supernatant
3. resuspend solute (sediment) in sedi-stain dye

Question 39

what was the purpose of the centrifugation?

Answer 39

separate pellets from supernatant

Question 40

what was the name of the dye we added? what color?

Answer 40

sedi-stain dye
purple

Question 41

describe the difference between organized and unorganized sediments

Answer 41

organized: made of cells (organic) and take to stain
unorganized: made of inorganic salt crystals and do not take to stain but instead are reflective

Question 42

what are examples of organized/unorganized sediments?

Answer 42

organized: RBC/ epithelial cells/ bacteria
unorganized: inorganic salt crystals