Urinary anatomy quiz Flashcards
what is the definition of urine?
liquid waste produced by kidneys
what is the expected transparency of urine?
expected: clear
can be: cloudy (microbes/solutes)
what is the expected color of urine? where does this color come from?
pale yellow
urochrome
what is the expected pH of healthy urine?
6.0
what can be the potential odors of urine?
odorless, food, sweet, ammonia, musty
urine is filtered ______________…?
blood plasma
what is the structure within the nephron that filters blood plasma? located where?
filtration membrane
location: at the glomerulus
what is the size of solutes that can pass through the filtration membrane?
< 5 nm
what are solutes that are < 5 nm? name examples
- ions: Cl-, SO4-, NO3-
- organic nutrients: glucose, amino acids, vitamins, nucleotides
- nitrogenous wastes: uric acid, urea, creatinine
what will happen to the organic nutrients that pass through the filtration membrane?
will be reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule
what are the solutes that are > 5 mm? name examples?
- protein: albumin, antibodies
- formed elements: RBC, WBC, platelets
what was the reagent in the chloride test? what was a positive result?
silver nitrate
cloudy (white precipitate)
what was the reagent in the sulfate test? what was a positive result?
- dilute hydrochloric acid
- 10% barium chloride
cloudy (white precipitate)
what is the expected results in the leukocyte dipstick test? why?
negative
size exclusion
what is the expected results in the nitrite dipstick test? why?
negative
nitrite (NO2) is only produced by bacteria
what is the expected results in the urobilinogen dipstick test? why?
0.1 - 2.0 mg/ dL
comes from bilirubin which kidneys then eliminate
what is the expected results in the protein dipstick test? why?
little to none
size exclusion
what is the expected results in the pH dipstick test? why?
6.0
acid mantel of the innate immunity
what is the expected results in the blood dipstick test? why?
negative
size exclusion
what is the expected results in the specific gravity dipstick test? why?
1.001 - 1.035
has to have some solutes (cannot be equal to water, has to be more)
what is the expected results in the ketone dipstick test? why?
negative
carb metabolism does not produce
what is the expected results in the bilirubin dipstick test? why?
negative
should go out in bile (not directly to kidneys)
what is the expected results in the glucose dipstick test? why?
negative
should be 100% reabsorbed in PCT
what does a positive result in the leukocyte dipstick test indicate?
pyuria: pus in urine
means UTI
what does a positive result in the nitrite dipstick test indicate?
nitrituria: nitrite in urine
means UTI due to bacterial waste presence
what does a low/high result in the urobilinogen dipstick test indicate?
low: blocked bile duct
high: hemolytic crisis (lots of RBC waste)
what does a excess presence of protein in the protein dipstick test indicate?
proteinuria: protein in urine
means extreme dehydration balancing osmolarity
what does a low/high result in the pH dipstick test indicate?
low: high protein diet
high: UTI, vegetarian diet, vomiting
what does a positive result in the blood dipstick test indicate?
hematuria: blood in urine
bleeding in urinary tract, infection, mensuration, kidney stones
what does a low/high result in the specific gravity dipstick test indicate?
low: not bad, just well hydrated
high: dehydrated
what does a positive result in the ketone dipstick test indicate?
ketonuria: ketones in urine
starving for carbs
what does a positive result in the bilirubin dipstick test indicate?
bilirubinuria: bilirubin in blood
blocked bile duct
what does a positive result in the glucose dipstick test indicate?
glycosuria: glucose in urine
diabetes mellitus
what does size exclusion mean?
too big to cross the filtration membrane
describe two dipstick tests that would indicate a UTI
positive for leukocytes
positive for nitrite
describe a dipstick test that would indicate kidney stones
positive for blood
what does specific gravity measure and how does it change with dehydration?
measures the density of urine given by the dissolved solutes
increases with dehydration because the body is reabsorbing water so the urine is concentrated
describe how we prepared our samples for microscopic analysis
- centrifuge to separate solute from supernatant
- pour out supernatant
- resuspend solute (sediment) in sedi-stain dye
what was the purpose of the centrifugation?
separate pellets from supernatant
what was the name of the dye we added? what color?
sedi-stain dye
purple
describe the difference between organized and unorganized sediments
organized: made of cells (organic) and take to stain
unorganized: made of inorganic salt crystals and do not take to stain but instead are reflective
what are examples of organized/unorganized sediments?
organized: RBC/ epithelial cells/ bacteria
unorganized: inorganic salt crystals
