Urinary

Question 1

Where do the kidneys lie?

Answer 1

Paravertebral gutters

Question 2

At what thoracic level do the kidneys lie?

Answer 2

T12-L3

Question 3

At what level does the hilus of the kidney lie?

Answer 3

Transpyloric plane (L1)

Question 4

What are the fascial coverings of the kidney?

Answer 4

Fibrous renal capsule
Fattt renal capsule
Renal fascia
Pararenal fatty tissue (on post aspect)

Question 5

What muscles lie posteriorly to the kidney?

Answer 5

Diaphragm
Psoas major
Quadratus Lumborum

Question 6

Describe the anterior relations of the right kidney.

Answer 6

Liver
Duodenum
Colon
Jejunum

Question 7

Describe the anterior relations of the left kidney.

Answer 7

Stomach
Pancreas
Spleen
Area of small bowel 
Left colonic flexure

Question 8

What renal vein is the longest?

Answer 8

Left

Question 9

What renal artery is the longest?

Answer 9

Right

Question 10

What is the sympathetic nerve supply to the kidneys?

Answer 10

T12 and L1

Question 11

What is the parasympathetic nerve supply to the kidneys?

Answer 11

Vagus

Question 12

What nodes drain lymph from the kidneys?

Answer 12

Para-aortic lymph nodes

Question 13

Name two embryological abnormalities of the kidneys.

Answer 13

Horseshoe kidneys

Duplicated ureter

Question 14

Describe the internal structures of the kidneys.

Answer 14

Renal pyramid - minor calyx - major calyx - Rena pelvis

Question 15

What structures are found in the cortex of the kidney?

Answer 15

Bowman’s capsule, RCT, PCT

Question 16

What structures are found in the medulla?

Answer 16

Loop of Henle and collecting ducts

Question 17

What layer of the bowman’s capsule has podocytes?

Answer 17

Visceral

Question 18

How are the proximal and distal convoluted tubules distinguished in histology?

Answer 18

Proximal are “fuzzy” due to presence of villi

Question 19

Where do the renal arteries come off the aorta?

Answer 19

L1 and 2

Question 20

How many segmental arteries are present in the kidney?

Answer 20

5

Question 21

How are ureters peritonised?

Answer 21

Retroperitoneal

Question 22

What muscle does the ureter lie on?

Answer 22

Psoas major

Question 23

When does the ureter cross anteriorly?

Answer 23

At bifurcation of common iliac

Question 24

What crosses the ureter superiorly in a man?

Answer 24

Vas deferns

Question 25

What crosses the ureters superiorly in a woman?

Answer 25

Uterine artery

Question 26

What is the median umbilical ligament a remnant of?

Answer 26

Urachus (from Allantois)

Question 27

What is the name of the smooth muscle found in the bladder wall?

Answer 27

Detruser muscle

Question 28

What lies anteriorly to the bladder?

Answer 28

Pubic symphysis

Question 29

What attaches anteriorly at the apex of the bladder?

Answer 29

Median umbilical ligament

Question 30

What part of the bladder lies at angle to the urethral orifice?

Answer 30

Trigone

Question 31

Where are the three most common regions for stones?

Answer 31

Origin of the ureter Pelvic brim Vesico-ureteric junction

Question 32

At what angle do the ureters enter the bladder?

Answer 32

Posterosuperior angle

Question 33

What type of epithelium is found in the bladder?

Answer 33

Transitional epithelium

Question 34

What type of endothelium lines the ureters?

Answer 34

Transitional

Question 35

Why is transitional endothelium beneficial in the bladder?

Answer 35

No leakage since tight junctions | Can stretch to accommodate volume fluctuations

Question 36

When looking at the ureters on imaging, what do they align with?

Answer 36

Transvers processes of lumbar vertebrae

Question 37

What can be easily seen on an abdominal X-ray with regards to the urinary system?

Answer 37

Kidney stones

Question 38

What is a CT KUB useful for?

Answer 38

Stones Dilation of ureters Identifying psoas major Hydronephrosis

Question 39

What are renal MRIs good for?

Answer 39

Soft tissue abnormalities e.g renal cyst

Question 40

What dies can be added to a renal MRI?

Answer 40

Gadolinium

Question 41

What type of epithelium is found in the parietal layer of the Bowman's capsule?

Answer 41

Simple squamous

Question 42

What is located in the centre of the Bowman's capsule?

Answer 42

Mesangium

Question 43

What type of epithelium is found in the distal and proximal convoluted tubules?

Answer 43

Simple cuboidal

Question 44

What kidney is lower?

Answer 44

Right

Question 45

What vein travels up from the pelvis to drain in to the left renal vein?

Answer 45

Left gonadal vein

Question 46

Where does the right gonadal vein drain into?

Answer 46

The IVC