Endocrinology

Question 1

Name 8 organs that make up the endocrine system?

Answer 1

Thyroid gland
Parathyroid glands
Adrenal glands
Pancreas
Ovaries
Testies
Pineal gland
Parathyroid glands

Question 2

Where is the pituitary gland located?

Answer 2

Sella turcica in sphenoid bone

Question 3

What sits superior to the pituitary gland?

Answer 3

Optic chiasm

Question 4

What sits inferior to the pituitary gland?

Answer 4

Sphenoid air sinus

Question 5

What does enlargement of the pituitary often cause?

Answer 5

Impingement on optic chiasm –> bitemporal hemianopia

Question 6

What is the largest lobe of the pituitary?

Answer 6

Anterior

Question 7

What part of the pituitary has a neurohypophysis?

Answer 7

Posterior

Question 8

What lies posterior to the hypothalamus?

Answer 8

Maxillary body

Question 9

What is the function of the maxillary body?

Answer 9

Recollective memory

Question 10

How do hormones from the hypothalamus travel to the anterior pituitary?

Answer 10

Hypophyseal portal system

Question 11

When looking at the posterior pituitary histology, how is it recognised?

Answer 11

Pale

Question 12

What cell types are found in the anterior pituitary?

Answer 12

Acidophilic
Basophilic
Chromophobic

Question 13

What colour are acidophilic cells in the anterior pituitary with H&E staining?

Answer 13

Pink

Question 14

What colour are basophilic cells in the anterior pituitary with H&E staining?

Answer 14

Purple

Question 15

What colour are chromophobic cells in the anterior pituitary with H&E staining?

Answer 15

Pale

Question 16

What do acidophils secrete?

Answer 16

GH and prolactin

Question 17

What do basophils secrete?

Answer 17

ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH

Question 18

What supplies blood to the anterior pituitary?

Answer 18

Superior hypophyseal

Question 19

What supplies blood to the posterior pituitary?

Answer 19

ICA –> hypophyseal and inferior hypophyseal

Question 20

How is the pituitary gland drained?

Answer 20

Hypophyseal veins into the cavernous sinus

Question 21

At what level is the thyroid gland found?

Answer 21

C5-T1

Between cricoid cartilage and 6th tracheal ring

Question 22

Where are the parathyroid glands located?

Answer 22

Posterior aspect of the lateral lobes of the thyroid gland

Question 23

Where is the isthmus located?

Answer 23

Opposite 2nd-4th tracheal rings

Question 24

What muscles overlie the thyroid?

Answer 24

Strap muscles: Sternohyoid, Omohyoid, Sternothyroid

Question 25

What nerves supply the vocal cord?

Answer 25

Recurrent and superior laryngeal nerves

Question 26

Where is the recurrent laryngeal located?

Answer 26

Between the trachea and oesophagus

Question 27

Where is the superior laryngeal located?

Answer 27

Near superior thyroid artery

Question 28

What are the main arteries supplying blood to the thyroid gland?

Answer 28

Superior and inferior thyroid

Question 29

Where does the superior thyroid branch off of?

Answer 29

ECA

Question 30

Where does the inferior thyroid branch off of?

Answer 30

Subclavian

Question 31

What veins drain blood from the thyroid gland?

Answer 31

Superior, middle and inferior thyroid veins

Question 32

What vein does the superior and middle thyroid veins drain into?

Answer 32

IJV

Question 33

What vein does the inferior thyroid vein drain into?

Answer 33

Brachiocephalic

Question 34

What nodes does lymph from the thyroid drain into?

Answer 34

Cervical lymph nodes

Question 35

What epithelium surrounds thyroid follicles?

Answer 35

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Question 36

What supplies blood to the parathyroid glands?

Answer 36

Inferior thyroid arteries

Question 37

What is contained in colloid?

Answer 37

Thyroglobulin (glycoprotein) which binds T3 & T4

Question 38

What veins drain parathyroid glands?

Answer 38

Thyroid veins --> IJV

Question 39

What do the chief cells in the parathyroid gland produce?

Answer 39

PTH

Question 40

What is the function of PTH?

Answer 40

Controls calcium and phosphate homeostasis

Question 41

How are the adrenal glands peritonised?

Answer 41

Retroperitoneal

Question 42

What is the adrenal cortex produced from?

Answer 42

Mesodermal epithelium

Question 43

What is the adrenal medulla produced from?

Answer 43

Neuroectoderm

Question 44

What provides blood supply to the adrenal glands?

Answer 44

Suprarenal arteries from the right inferior phrenic artery

Question 45

What vein drains the adrenal gland?

Answer 45

Suprarenal veins

Question 46

What does the right suprarenal vein drain into?

Answer 46

IVC

Question 47

What does the left suprarenal vein drain into?

Answer 47

Left renal vein

Question 48

How is the pancreas peritonised?

Answer 48

Retroperitoneal

Question 49

What are the main arteries supplying blood to the pancreas?

Answer 49

``` Pancreatic branches of splenic artery Pancreaticoduodenal arteries (branches of gastroduodenal artery and superior mesenteric) ```

Question 50

How is the head of the pancreas drained?

Answer 50

Superior mesenteric vein --> hepatic portal vein --> hepatic veins --> IVC