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Anatomy > Endocrinology > Flashcards

Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

Name 8 organs that make up the endocrine system?

A 
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid glands
Adrenal glands
Pancreas
Ovaries
Testies
Pineal gland
Parathyroid glands
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2
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located?

A

Sella turcica in sphenoid bone

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3
Q

What sits superior to the pituitary gland?

A

Optic chiasm

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4
Q

What sits inferior to the pituitary gland?

A

Sphenoid air sinus

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5
Q

What does enlargement of the pituitary often cause?

A

Impingement on optic chiasm –> bitemporal hemianopia

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6
Q

What is the largest lobe of the pituitary?

A

Anterior

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7
Q

What part of the pituitary has a neurohypophysis?

A

Posterior

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8
Q

What lies posterior to the hypothalamus?

A

Maxillary body

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9
Q

What is the function of the maxillary body?

A

Recollective memory

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10
Q

How do hormones from the hypothalamus travel to the anterior pituitary?

A

Hypophyseal portal system

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11
Q

When looking at the posterior pituitary histology, how is it recognised?

A

Pale

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12
Q

What cell types are found in the anterior pituitary?

A

Acidophilic
Basophilic
Chromophobic

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13
Q

What colour are acidophilic cells in the anterior pituitary with H&E staining?

A

Pink

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14
Q

What colour are basophilic cells in the anterior pituitary with H&E staining?

A

Purple

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15
Q

What colour are chromophobic cells in the anterior pituitary with H&E staining?

A

Pale

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16
Q

What do acidophils secrete?

A

GH and prolactin

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17
Q

What do basophils secrete?

A

ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH

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18
Q

What supplies blood to the anterior pituitary?

A

Superior hypophyseal

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19
Q

What supplies blood to the posterior pituitary?

A

ICA –> hypophyseal and inferior hypophyseal

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20
Q

How is the pituitary gland drained?

A

Hypophyseal veins into the cavernous sinus

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21
Q

At what level is the thyroid gland found?

A

C5-T1

Between cricoid cartilage and 6th tracheal ring

22
Q

Where are the parathyroid glands located?

A

Posterior aspect of the lateral lobes of the thyroid gland

23
Q

Where is the isthmus located?

A

Opposite 2nd-4th tracheal rings

24
Q

What muscles overlie the thyroid?

A

Strap muscles: Sternohyoid, Omohyoid, Sternothyroid

25
Q

What nerves supply the vocal cord?

A

Recurrent and superior laryngeal nerves

26
Q

Where is the recurrent laryngeal located?

A

Between the trachea and oesophagus

27
Q

Where is the superior laryngeal located?

A

Near superior thyroid artery

28
Q

What are the main arteries supplying blood to the thyroid gland?

A

Superior and inferior thyroid

29
Q

Where does the superior thyroid branch off of?

A

ECA

30
Q

Where does the inferior thyroid branch off of?

A

Subclavian

31
Q

What veins drain blood from the thyroid gland?

A

Superior, middle and inferior thyroid veins

32
Q

What vein does the superior and middle thyroid veins drain into?

A

IJV

33
Q

What vein does the inferior thyroid vein drain into?

A

Brachiocephalic

34
Q

What nodes does lymph from the thyroid drain into?

A

Cervical lymph nodes

35
Q

What epithelium surrounds thyroid follicles?

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

36
Q

What supplies blood to the parathyroid glands?

A

Inferior thyroid arteries

37
Q

What is contained in colloid?

A

Thyroglobulin (glycoprotein) which binds T3 & T4

38
Q

What veins drain parathyroid glands?

A

Thyroid veins –> IJV

39
Q

What do the chief cells in the parathyroid gland produce?

A

PTH

40
Q

What is the function of PTH?

A

Controls calcium and phosphate homeostasis

41
Q

How are the adrenal glands peritonised?

A

Retroperitoneal

42
Q

What is the adrenal cortex produced from?

A

Mesodermal epithelium

43
Q

What is the adrenal medulla produced from?

A

Neuroectoderm

44
Q

What provides blood supply to the adrenal glands?

A

Suprarenal arteries from the right inferior phrenic artery

45
Q

What vein drains the adrenal gland?

A

Suprarenal veins

46
Q

What does the right suprarenal vein drain into?

A

IVC

47
Q

What does the left suprarenal vein drain into?

A

Left renal vein

48
Q

How is the pancreas peritonised?

A

Retroperitoneal

49
Q

What are the main arteries supplying blood to the pancreas?

A 
Pancreatic branches of splenic artery 
Pancreaticoduodenal arteries (branches of gastroduodenal artery and superior mesenteric)
50
Q

How is the head of the pancreas drained?

A

Superior mesenteric vein –> hepatic portal vein –> hepatic veins –> IVC

Anatomy (11 decks)

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