Cardiovascular Flashcards
What can be found in the superior mediastinum (T1-4)?
Aortic arch, brachiocephalic artery, left subclavian, left common carotid
What can be found in the inferior mediastinum (T5-8)?
Vagus n, phrenic n, trachea, oesophagus
What can be found in the middle mediastinum?
Heart, great vessels
What can be found in the posterior mediastinum?
Descending aorta, oesophagus, thoracic duct, azygous vein. sympathetic chain
Where is the apex of the heart usually located?
5th left intercostal space midclavicular line
What forms the anterior surface of the heart?
RV
What forms the posterior surface of the heart?
LA
At what vertebral level is the aortic arch located?
T4
At what vertebral level is the bifurcation of the abdominal aorta located?
L4
At what vertebral level is the bifurcation of the common iliac arteries located?
L5
Describe the branches of the aortic arch from medial to lateral.
Brachiocephalic, left common carotid, left subclavian
What branch of the descending thoracic aorta?
Posterior intercostal, bronchial, oesophageal and pericardial arteries
At what vertebral level do the common iliac arteries arise?
L4
At what vertebral level does the external iliac arteries arise?
L5-S1
What does the posterior intercostal veins drain into?
Azygous vein
At what level does the hemiazygous vein on the left side drain into the azygous vein?
T8/9
What do the anterior intercostal veins drain in to?
Internal thoracic vein
What do the anterior intercostal arteries arise from?
Internal thoracic artery
Describe the main arteries of the upper limbs.
Subclavian -> axillary -> brachial -> radial and ulnar
Describe the veins if the upper limb.
Basilic vein (medial) and cephalic vein (lateral) –> median cubital vein at the cubital fossa –> deep veins –> SVC
At the inguinal canal, what is the order of the vessels from medial to lateral.
V, A, N
Describe the main arteries of the lower limb.
External iliac -> superficial femoral -> political -> anterior and posterior tibial -> dorsals pedis
Describe the deep veins of the lower limb.
External iliac -> femoral vein -> popliteal vein -> posterior tibial vein, anterior tibial vein and fibular vein
What are the superficial veins of the lower limb?
Great and small saphenous
What are the layers of the pericardium?
Endocardium, myocardium, epicardium/visceral layer of serous pericardium, pericardial cavity, parietal layer of serous pericardium, fibrous pericardium
What is the function of the fibrous pericardium?
Anchors to surrounding walls and prevent overfilling with blood.
What innervates the pericardium?
T1-4 and vagus via cardiac plexus –> visceral pleura and myocardium
Phrenic nerve –> parietal and fibrous layers (pain)
What heart chamber is anterior to the oesophagus?
LA
What is the function of the left and right auricles of the heart?
Increase capacity of atria and therefore, increase volume of blood
What structures are seen in the right atria?
Christa terminalis
Musculi pectinate
Opening of coronary sinus
Fossa ovalis
What structures are seen in the right ventricle?
Chordae tendinae
Moderator band
Trabecullae carnea
What is the function of the moderator band?
Prevent over distension of ventricle
What chamber has the thickest wall?
LV
How many valves does the mitral valve contain?
2 valves attached to 2 papillary muscles
What are the main coronary arteries of the heart?
LAD
Right
Posterior interventricular
Curcumflex
Name the vein that travels with the LAD.
Great cardiac vein
Name the vein that travels with the right marginal artery.
Small cardiac vein
What artery comes off the tight coronary artery?
Right marginal artery
What artery lies within the atrioventricular sulcus?
Right coronary artery
What arteries anastomose posteriorly in the atrioventricular (coronary) sulcus?
Right coronary artery and circumflex
Name the vein that travels with the posterior inter ventricular artery.
Middle cardiac vein
Where is the coronary sinus located and what is it’s function?
Lies posterior alongside the circumflex artery in the coronary sulcus and drains directly into the right atrium
What are the venae cords minimae?
Small veins which drain the heart wall directly into each chamber of the heart
Where do the lymphatics of the heart drain?
Tracheobronchial and mediastinal lymph nodes
What innervates the heart wall?
SNS = T1-4 PNS = Vagus
*via cardiac plexus
Why is there referred pain in anterior chest wall and medial side of arm in angina?
T2 dermatome
