Respiratory

Question 1

What will the head of rib 7 articulate with?

Answer 1

Vertebral body of T6 and T7

Question 2

What does the costal sulcus contain?

Answer 2

Intercostal veins, arteries and nerves

Question 3

What ribs are true ribs?

Answer 3

1-7

Question 4

What ribs are false ribs?

Answer 4

8-10

Question 5

What ribs are floating?

Answer 5

11 and 12

Question 6

What is the atypical true rib?

Answer 6

First rib

Question 7

What are the grooves on the first rib?

Answer 7

Post -> Ant = Subclavian artery, scalene anterior, subclavian vein

Question 8

What type of joints are costochondral joints?

Answer 8

Primary cartilaginous

Question 9

What type of joints are costovertebral and costotransverse joints?

Answer 9

Synovial plane/gliding

Question 10

What forms the vertebral arch?

Answer 10

2 x peduncles and 2 x laminae

Question 11

What forms the subcostal angle?

Answer 11

Ribs 7-10

Question 12

What is primarily used for breathing in newborns?

Answer 12

Diaphragm

Question 13

What muscles are located in the intercostal space from superficial to deep?

Answer 13

External intercostal muscle
Internal intercostal muscle
Innermost intercostal muscle

Question 14

What direction do the fibres of the intercostal muscles run?

Answer 14

External = anteromedial
Internal = posterolateral
Innermost = posterolateral

Question 15

Between which muscles does the neuromuscular bundle lie?

Answer 15

Between internal and innermost (VAN)

Question 16

Where is the neuromuscular bundle located in relation to the ribs?

Answer 16

Inferior

Question 17

Where would you insert a chest drain?

Answer 17

Above 5th rib mid-axillary line

Question 18

Where does 75% of lymph from the breasts drain?

Answer 18

Anterior (pectoral) group of axillary lymph nodes

Question 19

Where is the base of the breast normally located?

Answer 19

Between ribs 2-6

Question 20

At what levels are the diaphragmatic openings/

Answer 20

T8 - Vena cava
T10 - Oesophageal hiatus
T12 - Aortic hiatus

Question 21

What shape is the central tendon of the oesophagus?

Answer 21

Clover

Question 22

What level does the left crus of the diaphragm extend?

Answer 22

L1-2

Question 23

What level does the left crus of the diaphragm extend?

Answer 23

L1-3

Question 24

What covers the superior surface of the diaphragm?

Answer 24

Parietal pleura

Question 25

What dies the canal opening of the diaphragm do?

Answer 25

Assists venous return during inspiration

Question 26

What is a hiatus hernia?

Answer 26

Abnormal protrusion into throat through tear or weakness in diaphragm

Question 27

What is the innervation to the diaphragm?

Answer 27

``` Phrenic nerves (C3,4,5) Lower intercostal nerves ```

Question 28

At what level is the larynx?

Answer 28

C3-6

Question 29

What nerve supplies the larynx?

Answer 29

Vagus

Question 30

At what level is the hypoid bone?

Answer 30

C3

Question 31

At what level is the cricoid cartilage and start of the trachea?

Answer 31

C6

Question 32

At what level is the thyroid cartilage?

Answer 32

C4

Question 33

What type of cartilage is the epiglottis?

Answer 33

Elastic

Question 34

What is the blood supply to the lower respiratory tract?

Answer 34

Bronchial arteries from thoracic aorta and intercostal arteries

Question 35

What veins drain the lower respiratory tract?

Answer 35

Bronchial veins into azygous

Question 36

Where does the trachea bifurcate?

Answer 36

T4

Question 37

What muscle is posterior to the trachea?

Answer 37

Trachealis

Question 38

Which bronchus is shorter?

Answer 38

Right

Question 39

Where are bronchomediastinal lymph nodes located?

Answer 39

At the hilum

Question 40

How many lobes are there in the right lung?

Answer 40

3

Question 41

Where is the lingual and cardiac notch located?

Answer 41

Left lung

Question 42

Between which ribs is the cardiac notch located?

Answer 42

4-6

Question 43

What are the names of the fissure of the lungs?

Answer 43

Oblique (in both) and transverse (in right)

Question 44

What is the root of the hilum?

Answer 44

Group of structures that enter/leave the hilum

Question 45

Describe the structures in the root of the hilum.

Answer 45

Artery = anterior Bronchus = posterior Superior pulmonary vein = superior Inferior pulmonary vein = inferior

Question 46

What is the apex of the lung covered in?

Answer 46

Sibson's fascia

Question 47

Why can injuries to the neck damage the lungs?

Answer 47

The lungs extend above the first ribs

Question 48

How many bronchopulmonary segments are there in the right and left lungs?

Answer 48

``` Right = 10 Left = 8 or 9 ```

Question 49

Describe the pulmonary circulation from deoxygenated blood in the RV.

Answer 49

RV -.> pulmonary artery -> lungs (oxygenation) -> pulmonary veins -> LA -> LV -> Aorta -> rest of body

Question 50

What part of the pleura is sensitive to pain?

Answer 50

Parietal

Question 51

What pleural layer enters and lines the fissures?

Answer 51

Visceral

Question 52

Excluding the visceral and parietal pleura, what other pleura are there?

Answer 52

Mediastinal Diaphragmatic Costal Apical/cervical

Question 53

What is a prothorax?

Answer 53

Pus in pleural space

Question 54

What is the name of the two pleural recesses caused by reflection sand expiration.

Answer 54

1. Costodiaphragmatic | 2. Costomediastinal

Question 55

What recess is used to aspirate a pleural effusion and where is it located?

Answer 55

Costodiaphragmatic at T9 above rib

Question 56

What supplies the mediastinal and diaphragmatic parietal pleura?

Answer 56

Phrenic nerve

Question 57

What supplies the rest of the parietal pleura?

Answer 57

Intercostal nerves

Question 58

Where can you aspirate a pericardial effusion?

Answer 58

Between ribs 4-6 anteriorly at the cardiac notch

Question 59

What are the levels of the lung and parietal pleura at the midclavicular, midaxillary and mid scapular lines respectively?

Answer 59

Lung 6, 8, 10 | Parietal pleura 8, 10, 12

Question 60

How many intercostal spaces of a difference is there between the lungs and parietal pleura?

Answer 60

2

Question 61

What rib does the oblique fissure follow the course of?

Answer 61

6

Question 62

What rib does the oblique fissure follow the course of?

Answer 62

4

Question 63

The posterior border of each lung extends from and to what levels?

Answer 63

C7-T10

Question 64

Describe the change in hyaline cartilage from the trachea to the bronchioles.

Answer 64

``` Trachea = rings Bronchi = small plates Bronchioles = no cartilage ```

Question 65

Where does no gas exchange occur?

Answer 65

Terminal bronchioles