1st year general Flashcards
How many bones are in the body?
206
What are the names of the two parts of the skeleton?
Axial
Appendicular
What skeletal bones have gender differences?
Supraorbital ridge Mastoid process Chin Carrying angle (more acute in females) Q angle (wider in females) Tilted sacrum (females) Pelvic outlet (larger in females)
Why is anatomical position important?
Point of reference no matter what position the body is in.
What does cranial/rostral mean?
Closer to head
What does caudal mean?
Closer to feet
What are the 4 main planes?
Medial
Sagittal
Frontal (coronal)
Transverse
What is the level of the sternal angle?
T4 and 5
What level is the summit of the iliac crest?
L4
What level is the xiphisternal joint?
T9
What forms the upper limb girdle?
Clavicle and scapula
What forms the lower limb girdle?
Pelvis and sacrum
What bones make up the pelvis?
Ileum
Ischium
Pubis
What is the composition of bone?
Compact
Spongy
Marrow cavity
What is periosteum?
Surrounds compact bone
What are the two types of bone growth?
Appositional
Interstitial
What is appositional bone growth?
Increases width
What is interstitial bone growth?
Increase height
Name 5 types of bone.
Long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid
What are condyles?
Smooth articulations with another bone
What attaches to epicondyles?
Muscle, tendon and ligaments
Describe the main landmarks of the humerus.
Head
Neck (surgical and anatomical)
Greater and lesser tuberosities
What type of joints are cervical vertebrae?
Synovial plane
Name the two types of bone ossification.
Intramembranous
Endochondrial
Where does intramembranous ossification take place?
Flat bones of skull, face, jaw and centre of clavicle
Where does endochondrial ossification take place?
Initial hyaline cartilage replaced by bone e.g most ling b ones, sternum, ribs, vertebrae
What kind of joints are found in carpal bones?
Synovial plane
What kind of joints are found at the elbow and knee?
Synovial and hinge
What kind of joint is found at the superior and inferior radioulnar joint?
Synovial pivot
What type of joint is the shoulder and hip?
Synovial ball and socket
Name a fibrocartilaginous joint.
IV disc
Name a fibrous joint.
Suture
What type of joint is the wrist?
Synovial ellipsoid
What kind of joint is the symphysis?
Secondary cartilaginous
What are secondary cartilaginous joints made of?
Fibrocartilage and hyaline
What kind of joint is as synchondrosis?
Primary cartilaginous
Give an example of a primary cartilaginous joint.
Long bones
What kind of joint is the Atlanta-axial joint?
Pivot
What is an aponeurosis?
Flat, thin and broad muscle made of dense regular CT
How many joints does the biceps cross?
2 (potentially 3)
How many joints does the brachioradialis cross?
1 (potentially 2)
Describe the movement of the diaphragm.
Descends on contraction and ascend on relaxation (increase thoracic volume)
Name two antagonistic muscles.
Biceps and triceps
Name two synergistic muscles.
Brachialis and brachioradialis
How are muscles compartmentalised?
By deep facial inter muscular septa
What innervates arm and forearm muscles?
Brachial plexus
What innervates thigh and leg muscles?
Lumbosacral plexus
At what level is the brachial plexus?
C5-T1
At what level is the lumbosacral plexus?
L1-S4
What lies posteriorly in the motor unit?
Dorsal root
What type of fibres does the dorsal root contain?
Sensory
What type of fibres does the ventral root contain?
Motor
What type of fibres does the dorsal ramus contain?
Sensory and motor
What type of fibres does the ventral rams contain?
Sensory and motor
Where do nerves of the ventral ramus supply?
Anterolateral
Where do nerves of the dorsal ramus supply?
Posterior
If there is a lesion on the dorsal ganglion, what would be affected?
Loss of sensation at front and back
If there was a lesion on the ventral ramus, what would be lost?
Sensory and motor loss anterolateral
If there was a lesion on the ventral root, what would be lost?
All motor and sympathetic control
Where are intercostal nerves from?
Ventral ramus
Where is the subcostal nerve?
Below last rib (T12)
What do the intercostal nerves innervate?
Intercostal muscles and anterior wall
Where is the T2 dermatome located?
Sternomanubrial joint
What dermatome covers the nipples?
T4
What dermatome covers the umbilicus?
T10
What dermatome covers the lumbar/inguinal region?
L1
What dermatome covers the xiphoid process?
T5-6
Describe the anatomy of nerves starting from the axon.
- Axon covered with endoneurium
- Lots of axons makeup a fascicle which is covered by perineurium
- Lots of fasciculi and blood vessels are surrounded by epineurium
Describe the structure of the vertebrae.
Spinous process posteriorly
Transvers process laterally
Lamina between spinous and transverse process
Peduncle between vertebral body and transverse process
Vertebral foramen in centre
What are the facets of the vertebrae?
Superior costal
Transverse costal
Inferior costal
Articular
What does the transverse costal facet articulate with?
Tubercle of rib
What lies in the vertebral foramen?
Spinal cord
What lies in the intervertebral foramen?
Spinal nerves
What type of joint lies within the bodies of adjacent vertebrae?
Secondary cartilaginous
what type of joint lies between the articular facets of adjacent vertebrae?
Synovial plane
How many of each vertebrae are there?
C7 T12 L5 S5 C4
What is C1 called?
Atlas
What is C2 called?
Axis
What is C7 called?
Vertebra prominens
Describe the shape of the vertebral foramen in each vertebrae?
Cervical = large and triangle Thoracic = circular and small Lumbar = triangular
Describe the shape of the vertebral body in each vertebrae?
Cervical = small and wide Thoracic = heart Lumbar = kidney
What vertebrae have long and slender transverse processes?
Lumbar
What vertebrae have long posterior and inferior spinous processes?
Thoracic
What vertebrae have a bifid spinous process?
Cervical
Describe the structure of the IV disc.
Centre = nucleus pulposus Laterally = annulus fibrosus
What are the main ligaments of the vertebral (spinal) column.
Anterior longitudinal Posterior longitudinal Ligamentum flavum Interspinous ligament Supraspinous
What is the normal curvature of the spine?
Lordosis -> kyphosis -> lordosis (lumbar)
What developmental change in neonates result in secondary curvature?
Cervical - hold head
Lumbar - begin to walk/sit up
What happens to spine curvatures during pregnancy?
Exaggerated
In what plane are the articular facets of cervical vertebrae?
Transverse
In what plane are the articular facets of thoracic vertebrae?
Coronal
In what plane are the articular facets of lumbar vertebrae?
Saggital
Where does the spinal cord end in an adult?
L1
Where does the spinal cord end in a child?
L3
What are the layers of the meninges surrounding the spinal cord starting from the spinal cord?
Pia -> Arcahnoid -> Dura
What is a sentinel lymph node?
Hypothetical first lymph node during cancer
Where is the thoracic duct located?
Between the azygous vein and the aorta on the right side of the posterior thoracic wall
-> it then crosses thoracic vertebral bodies to the left side
What does the thoracic duct drain?
Left side and legs
Where does the thoracic duct commence?
Cysterna chyli at L1
Where does the thoracic duct drain?
Into left subclavian vein
What drains the right upper quadrant of the body?
Right lymphatic duct
Describe the anatomy after the spinal cord ends.
Conus medullaris
Cauda equina
Filum terminale
Where is the cauda equina located?
L2 –> coccyx
What is the hilum terminal?
Longitudinal support to spinal cord which attaches to the coccyx inferiorly
What is located in grey matter?
Cell bodies
What is located in white matter?
Myelinated axons
Where are lateral horns of the spinal cord located?
T1 - L2/3 (SNS)
S2-4 (PNS)
What is the function of the meninges?
Protect and cushion CNS
To what level does the dura matter descend to?
S3
To what level does the arachnoid matter descend to?
S3
What supplies blood to the spinal cord?
Aorta
How many spinal nerves are there?
31
What direction does the grey and white matter travel in relation to the lateral horns and and sympathetic ganglia.
Grey = away from sympathetic ganglia to effector White = in to the sympathetic ganglia
Where is the sympathetic trunk located?
C1 –> end of coccyx
What ways can sympathetic fibres flow?
- Synapse in ganglia at same level
- Ascend or descend chain before synapsing and exiting
- Run through chain without synapsing until prevertebral ganglia in abdomen
Where do the three splanchnic nerves originate from?
T6-T12
Where do PNS nerves arise and descend?
From conus medullaris lateral horns –> descend in cauda equina –> emerge between S2-4
Where is the mixed autonomic pelvic plexus located?
Each side of the rectum
What is the name of the joint of the root of the tooth and alveolar process?
Gomphosis
Give an example of a syndesmosis.
Interosseous ligament
