1st year general Flashcards
1
Q
How many bones are in the body?
A
206
2
Q
What are the names of the two parts of the skeleton?
A
Axial
Appendicular
3
Q
What skeletal bones have gender differences?
A
Supraorbital ridge Mastoid process Chin Carrying angle (more acute in females) Q angle (wider in females) Tilted sacrum (females) Pelvic outlet (larger in females)
4
Q
Why is anatomical position important?
A
Point of reference no matter what position the body is in.
5
Q
What does cranial/rostral mean?
A
Closer to head
6
Q
What does caudal mean?
A
Closer to feet
7
Q
What are the 4 main planes?
A
Medial
Sagittal
Frontal (coronal)
Transverse
8
Q
What is the level of the sternal angle?
A
T4 and 5
9
Q
What level is the summit of the iliac crest?
A
L4
10
Q
What level is the xiphisternal joint?
A
T9
11
Q
What forms the upper limb girdle?
A
Clavicle and scapula
12
Q
What forms the lower limb girdle?
A
Pelvis and sacrum
13
Q
What bones make up the pelvis?
A
Ileum
Ischium
Pubis
14
Q
What is the composition of bone?
A
Compact
Spongy
Marrow cavity
15
Q
What is periosteum?
A
Surrounds compact bone
16
Q
What are the two types of bone growth?
A
Appositional
Interstitial
17
Q
What is appositional bone growth?
A
Increases width
18
Q
What is interstitial bone growth?
A
Increase height
19
Q
Name 5 types of bone.
A
Long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid
20
Q
What are condyles?
A
Smooth articulations with another bone
21
Q
What attaches to epicondyles?
A
Muscle, tendon and ligaments
22
Q
Describe the main landmarks of the humerus.
A
Head
Neck (surgical and anatomical)
Greater and lesser tuberosities
23
Q
What type of joints are cervical vertebrae?
A
Synovial plane
24
Q
Name the two types of bone ossification.
A
Intramembranous
Endochondrial
25
Where does intramembranous ossification take place?
Flat bones of skull, face, jaw and centre of clavicle
26
Where does endochondrial ossification take place?
Initial hyaline cartilage replaced by bone e.g most ling b ones, sternum, ribs, vertebrae
27
What kind of joints are found in carpal bones?
Synovial plane
28
What kind of joints are found at the elbow and knee?
Synovial and hinge
29
What kind of joint is found at the superior and inferior radioulnar joint?
Synovial pivot
30
What type of joint is the shoulder and hip?
Synovial ball and socket
31
Name a fibrocartilaginous joint.
IV disc
32
Name a fibrous joint.
Suture
33
What type of joint is the wrist?
Synovial ellipsoid
34
What kind of joint is the symphysis?
Secondary cartilaginous
35
What are secondary cartilaginous joints made of?
Fibrocartilage and hyaline
36
What kind of joint is as synchondrosis?
Primary cartilaginous
37
Give an example of a primary cartilaginous joint.
Long bones
38
What kind of joint is the Atlanta-axial joint?
Pivot
39
What is an aponeurosis?
Flat, thin and broad muscle made of dense regular CT
40
How many joints does the biceps cross?
2 (potentially 3)
41
How many joints does the brachioradialis cross?
1 (potentially 2)
42
Describe the movement of the diaphragm.
Descends on contraction and ascend on relaxation (increase thoracic volume)
43
Name two antagonistic muscles.
Biceps and triceps
44
Name two synergistic muscles.
Brachialis and brachioradialis
45
How are muscles compartmentalised?
By deep facial inter muscular septa
46
What innervates arm and forearm muscles?
Brachial plexus
47
What innervates thigh and leg muscles?
Lumbosacral plexus
48
At what level is the brachial plexus?
C5-T1
49
At what level is the lumbosacral plexus?
L1-S4
50
What lies posteriorly in the motor unit?
Dorsal root
51
What type of fibres does the dorsal root contain?
Sensory
52
What type of fibres does the ventral root contain?
Motor
53
What type of fibres does the dorsal ramus contain?
Sensory and motor
54
What type of fibres does the ventral rams contain?
Sensory and motor
55
Where do nerves of the ventral ramus supply?
Anterolateral
56
Where do nerves of the dorsal ramus supply?
Posterior
57
If there is a lesion on the dorsal ganglion, what would be affected?
Loss of sensation at front and back
58
If there was a lesion on the ventral ramus, what would be lost?
Sensory and motor loss anterolateral
59
If there was a lesion on the ventral root, what would be lost?
All motor and sympathetic control
60
Where are intercostal nerves from?
Ventral ramus
61
Where is the subcostal nerve?
Below last rib (T12)
62
What do the intercostal nerves innervate?
Intercostal muscles and anterior wall
63
Where is the T2 dermatome located?
Sternomanubrial joint
64
What dermatome covers the nipples?
T4
65
What dermatome covers the umbilicus?
T10
66
What dermatome covers the lumbar/inguinal region?
L1
67
What dermatome covers the xiphoid process?
T5-6
68
Describe the anatomy of nerves starting from the axon.
- Axon covered with endoneurium
- Lots of axons makeup a fascicle which is covered by perineurium
- Lots of fasciculi and blood vessels are surrounded by epineurium
69
Describe the structure of the vertebrae.
Spinous process posteriorly
Transvers process laterally
Lamina between spinous and transverse process
Peduncle between vertebral body and transverse process
Vertebral foramen in centre
70
What are the facets of the vertebrae?
Superior costal
Transverse costal
Inferior costal
Articular
71
What does the transverse costal facet articulate with?
Tubercle of rib
72
What lies in the vertebral foramen?
Spinal cord
73
What lies in the intervertebral foramen?
Spinal nerves
74
What type of joint lies within the bodies of adjacent vertebrae?
Secondary cartilaginous
75
what type of joint lies between the articular facets of adjacent vertebrae?
Synovial plane
76
How many of each vertebrae are there?
```
C7
T12
L5
S5
C4
```
77
What is C1 called?
Atlas
78
What is C2 called?
Axis
79
What is C7 called?
Vertebra prominens
80
Describe the shape of the vertebral foramen in each vertebrae?
```
Cervical = large and triangle
Thoracic = circular and small
Lumbar = triangular
```
81
Describe the shape of the vertebral body in each vertebrae?
```
Cervical = small and wide
Thoracic = heart
Lumbar = kidney
```
82
What vertebrae have long and slender transverse processes?
Lumbar
83
What vertebrae have long posterior and inferior spinous processes?
Thoracic
84
What vertebrae have a bifid spinous process?
Cervical
85
Describe the structure of the IV disc.
```
Centre = nucleus pulposus
Laterally = annulus fibrosus
```
86
What are the main ligaments of the vertebral (spinal) column.
```
Anterior longitudinal
Posterior longitudinal
Ligamentum flavum
Interspinous ligament
Supraspinous
```
87
What is the normal curvature of the spine?
Lordosis -> kyphosis -> lordosis (lumbar)
88
What developmental change in neonates result in secondary curvature?
Cervical - hold head
| Lumbar - begin to walk/sit up
89
What happens to spine curvatures during pregnancy?
Exaggerated
90
In what plane are the articular facets of cervical vertebrae?
Transverse
91
In what plane are the articular facets of thoracic vertebrae?
Coronal
92
In what plane are the articular facets of lumbar vertebrae?
Saggital
93
Where does the spinal cord end in an adult?
L1
94
Where does the spinal cord end in a child?
L3
95
What are the layers of the meninges surrounding the spinal cord starting from the spinal cord?
Pia -> Arcahnoid -> Dura
96
What is a sentinel lymph node?
Hypothetical first lymph node during cancer
97
Where is the thoracic duct located?
Between the azygous vein and the aorta on the right side of the posterior thoracic wall
-> it then crosses thoracic vertebral bodies to the left side
98
What does the thoracic duct drain?
Left side and legs
99
Where does the thoracic duct commence?
Cysterna chyli at L1
100
Where does the thoracic duct drain?
Into left subclavian vein
101
What drains the right upper quadrant of the body?
Right lymphatic duct
102
Describe the anatomy after the spinal cord ends.
Conus medullaris
Cauda equina
Filum terminale
103
Where is the cauda equina located?
L2 --> coccyx
104
What is the hilum terminal?
Longitudinal support to spinal cord which attaches to the coccyx inferiorly
105
What is located in grey matter?
Cell bodies
106
What is located in white matter?
Myelinated axons
107
Where are lateral horns of the spinal cord located?
T1 - L2/3 (SNS)
| S2-4 (PNS)
108
What is the function of the meninges?
Protect and cushion CNS
109
To what level does the dura matter descend to?
S3
110
To what level does the arachnoid matter descend to?
S3
111
What supplies blood to the spinal cord?
Aorta
112
How many spinal nerves are there?
31
113
What direction does the grey and white matter travel in relation to the lateral horns and and sympathetic ganglia.
```
Grey = away from sympathetic ganglia to effector
White = in to the sympathetic ganglia
```
114
Where is the sympathetic trunk located?
C1 --> end of coccyx
115
What ways can sympathetic fibres flow?
1. Synapse in ganglia at same level
2. Ascend or descend chain before synapsing and exiting
3. Run through chain without synapsing until prevertebral ganglia in abdomen
116
Where do the three splanchnic nerves originate from?
T6-T12
117
Where do PNS nerves arise and descend?
From conus medullaris lateral horns --> descend in cauda equina --> emerge between S2-4
118
Where is the mixed autonomic pelvic plexus located?
Each side of the rectum
119
What is the name of the joint of the root of the tooth and alveolar process?
Gomphosis
120
Give an example of a syndesmosis.
Interosseous ligament
