Head and Neck Flashcards
What are the three parts of the skull?
Neuro-cranium
Viscera-cranium
Mandible
What are the 8 bones of the cranium?
Parietal, temporal, frontal, occipital, sphenoid, mandible, maxilla, zygomatic
Where does the sagittal suture lie?
Between 2 parietal bones
Where does the lambdoid suture lie?
Between parietal and occipital bones
Where does the coronal suture lie?
Between the frontal and parietal bones
What bone is the mastoid process part of?
Temporal bone
What bone is the occipital protuberance a part of?
Occipital bone
What bones form the zygomatic arch?
Zygomatic and temporal
What is found in the foramen magnum?
Medulla Meninges CNXI Dural veins Anterior and posterior spinal arteries Right and left vertebral arteries
What is located at the cribriform plate?
CNI
What passes through the foramen rotundum?
CN V2
What passes through the foramen ovale?
CN V3
What passes through the superior orbital fissure?
CNIII, IV, VI, V1, ophthalmic veins
What is found in the optic canal?
CNII
Opthalmic arteries
What is located in the foramen spinosum?
Middle meningeal artery, vein and meningeal branch of V3
What passes through the foramen lacerum?
Cartilage
Small veins
What passes through the jugular foramen?
CN IX, X, XI, IJV
Where does the CN VII and VIII pass through?
Internal acoustic meatus
What is found in the carotid canal?
ICA
Where are the ear ossicles found?
Petrous part of temporal bone
Know the bones in the eye orbit.
….
What are the layers of the scalp?
Skin Connective tissue Aponeurosis Loose CT Periosteum
In what layer of the scalp are blood vessels located?
Connective tissue (dense) - layer under skin
What is the cutaneous innervation to the scalp?
Anterior = V1, 2 and 3 Posterior = C2 and 3
What is the blood supply to the scalp?
External carotid - superficial temporal, post auricular and occipital
Internal carotid - supratrochlear and supraorbital
What are the branches of the external carotid artery?
“Some anatomists like freaking out poor medical students”
Superior thyroid Ascending pharyngeal Lingual Facial Occipital Posterior auricular Maxillary Superficial temporal
What is the venous drainage of the scalp?
Anastomoses with DIPLOIC VEINS in skull bones to form valveless EMISSARY VEINS
What is the potential complication that can arise from the emissary veins and why?
Spread of infection from scalp to brain since valveless
Where doe the post-auricular and superficial temporal veins drain to?
External jugular vein –> SVC
What veins drain into the internal jugular vein?
Supra-orbital, supra-trochlear, facial
Where does the lymph of the scalp drain?
Away into nodes of head and neck
Name 5 muscles of facial expression.
Occipitofrontalis Obicularis oris Obicularis oculi Buccinator Platysmus
What are the two parts of the obicularis oculi?
Palpebral and Orbital
What are the branches of the facial nerve?
“Two Zebras Bit My Coccyx”
Temporal Zygomatic Buccal Mandibular Cervical
Where do the branches of the facial nerve emerge from?
Anterior border of the parotid gland
What type of lesion spares the forehead?
UMNL
What type of duct is the parotid?
Exocrine
What muscle does the parotid lie over?
Sternocloidomastoid
What muscle does the apex of the parotid gland lie?
Masseter
Where does the parotid duct run?
Superficial to masseter then pierces buccinator to open into oral cavity at 2nd maxillary molar
What vessels pierce in to the parotid duct?
ECA and retromandibular vein
How is the parotid gland innervated?
SNS - external carotid plexus
PNS - CN IX
What provides blood supply to the face?
Facial and superficial temporal
What are the 4 compartments of the neck?
Vertebral
Visceral
Vascular
Musculofascial collar
What does the vascular compartment of the neck contain?
Vagus and blood vessels
What compartment of the neck contains the thyroid and larynx?
Visceral
How many cervical vertebrae are there?
7
What is found in the anterior triangle of the neck?
common carotid, ICA, ECA, Vagus, IJV
What is found in the posterior triangle of the neck?
CN XI, phrenic, inferior belly of omohyoid, subclavian artery, scalene muscles, EJV
What are the 4 subdivisions of the anterior triangle of the neck?
submental
digastric
carotid
muscular
What forms the borders of the posterior triangle of the neck?
Posterior edge of SCM
Anterior edge of trapezius
Superior border of clavicle
What forms the borders of the anterior triangle of the neck?
Inferior border of mandible
Anterior border of SCM
Anterior midline of neck
What is the function of the right SCM?
Right head tilt and turn face to left
What is the function of the trapezius?
Depress scapula
Retract scapula
Elevate scapula
What is found in the carotid sheath?
IJV
CN X
At what vertebral level does the CCA split to the ICA and ECA?
C4
Is the ECA or ICA most lateral?
ICA
What vessels runs superficial to the SCM?
ECA
What nerve lies posterior to the carotid sheath?
Phrenic nerve
What muscles are attached to the hyoid?
Suprahyoid
Infrahoid
Genioglossus
Middle pharyngeal constrictor
Name the suprahyoid muscles.
Myelohyoid
Geniohyoid
Stylohyoid
Digastric
“my gravy spoon darling”
Name the infrahyoid muscles.
Thyrohyoid
Omohyoid
Sternothyroid
Sternohyoid
“TOSS”
What is the function of the suprahyoid muscles?
Elevate hyoid
What is the function of the infrahoid muscles?
Depress hyoid except sternothyroid which depresses thyroid cartilage
What muscles are supplied by C1-3 (ansa cervicalis)?
Omohyoid
Sternohyoid
What are the three compartments of the nose?
Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
What forms the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?
Ethmoid, cribriform plate of ethmoid, Septal cartilage, inferior turbinate
What forms the nasal septum?
Perpendicular plate of ethmoid, septal cartilage, Vomer, Maxilla
What type of epithelium is found in the nose?
Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
What innervates the nasal mucosa?
CNI
Where are the meatuses located in relation to the turbinates?
Meatus lies below turbinate
What is the space above the superior turbinate?
Ethmoid sinus
What turbinates are part of the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid?
Superior and middle
What provides blood supply to the nose?
Ophthalmic artery
Name 4 functions of the paranasal air sinuses.
Reservoir for warm humid air
Immune barrier
Crumple zone
Lighten skull
What does the sphenoid sinus open into?
Spheno-ethmoidal recess
What does the posterior ethmoid air cells open into?
Superior meatus
What drains into the middle meatus?
Frontal sinus
Anterior ethmoidal air cells
Maxillary sinus
Middle ethmoid air cells
What drains into the inferior meatus?
Nasolacrimal duct