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Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What germ layer does bones form from?

A

Mesoderm

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2
Q

What germ layer does nerves form from?

A

Ectoderm

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3
Q

What germ layers does skin and smooth muscle form from?

A

Ectoderm and mesoderm

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4
Q

What germ layer does cartilage form from?

A

Mesoderm

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5
Q

What is the fossa ovals?

A

Remnant of foramen ovale (petal cardiac shunt)

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6
Q

When do the pre-branchial arches start to form?

A

Week 4

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7
Q

What happens to the branchial arches in lat week 4?

A

5 arches start to from (6 starts to develop and 5 disappears)

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8
Q

With regards to the branchial arches, were is endoderm found?

A

Pouches between arches

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9
Q

What nerves supply the branchial arches?

A
  1. V3
  2. VII
  3. IX
  4. X (superior laryngeal)
  5. X (recurrent laryngeal)
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10
Q

What part of the head and neck develops from the first pharyngeal arch?

A

Maxilla, mandible, males and incus

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11
Q

What part of the head and neck develops from the second pharyngeal arch?

A

Stapes, soloed, part of hyoid

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12
Q

What part of the head and neck develops from the third pharyngeal arch?

A

Body and greater horn of hyoid

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13
Q

What part of the head and neck develops from the fourth and sixth pharyngeal arch?

A

Pharyngeal and laryngeal muscles and laryngeal cartilages

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14
Q

What does the face develop from?

A

5 prominences (frontal, 2 x maxillary, 2 x mandibular)

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15
Q

What does the philtre form from?

A

Medial nasal process growing downwards and laterally

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16
Q

How does the palate develop?

A
  1. Medial nasal process grows downwards
  2. From maxillary process, 2 palatine shelves grow inwards
  3. Palatine shelves meet in middle and form secondary palate
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17
Q

What does not fuse correctly during development resulting in cleft lip and palate?

A

Maxillary process

Medial nasal process

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18
Q

How do the skull bones form?

A 
Vault = membranous ossification
Base = endochondrial ossification
Viscerocranium = mostly from branchial arches
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19
Q

When does the anterior fontanelle close?

A

1.5 years

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20
Q

What is the clinical significance of 6 membrane covered fontanelles?

A

Can feel raised ICP, indications for meningitis or hydration status etc

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21
Q

What is the term used for when bones fuse before they should causing other structures to protrude?

A

Craniosynostosis

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22
Q

Name a 1st pharyngeal arch abnormality.

A

Treachor Collins Syndrome

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23
Q

What germ layer forms the GI tract?

A

Endoderm

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24
Q

When is the foregut formed?

A

4th week

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25
When does the spleen form and what is it derived from?
5th week from mesodermal derivative
26
When does the pancreas form and from what?
5th week when ventral and dorsal buds fuse.
27
Name two foregut anomalies.
Oesophageal atresia and trachea-oesophageal fistula | Annular pancreas
28
What are the two parts of the midgut formed during development?
Cephalic part | Caudal part
29
What must the midgut undergo during week 6?
Rotation and herniation
30
During which week does the herniated intestinal loop move from the umbilical cord back into the abdominal cavity?
Week 10
31
Name 3 midgut abnormalities.
Omphalocele Meckel's diverticulum Gastroschisis
32
When is the handout formed?
End of week 7
33
Name 4 handout anomalies.
Urorectal fistula Rectoanal fistula Rectovaginal fistula Imperforate anus
34
Where do the eyes develop from?
The neural tube
35
Where do the optical vesicles grow from?
Diencephalon
36
When optic vesicles reach surface ectoderm of the diencephalon, the cells of the surface thicken and form what?
Lens placode
37
As the optic cup is forming, blood vessels pass through a fissure in the inferior wall called what?
Choroid fissure
38
What forms from the telencephalon?
Cerebrum and lateral ventricles
39
What forms from the diencephalon?
Thalamus, hypothalamus, retina and 3rd ventricle
40
What forms from the mesencephalon?
Brain stem: midbrain and cerebral aqueduct
41
What forms from the metencephalon?
Cerebellum, brainstem: pons and 4th ventricle
42
What forms from the myelencephalon?
Brainstem: medulla and 4th ventricle, spinal cord
43
What week does brain development begin?
3
44
What does the nervous system for from?
Ectoderm
45
When does the CNS start to develop?
Week 3
46
What can result from failure of closure of the neural tube?
Anencephaly Encephalocoele Spina Bifida
47
What is the result of failure of the anterior neuropore to close?
Anencephaly
48
What is the result of failure of the posterior neuropore to close?
Encephalocoele
49
What results from the non-fusion of vertebral arches?
Spina Bifida
50
What vertebrae are most commonly affected in Spina Bifida?
L5 and 6
51
How is spina bifida diagnosed?
- Maternal blood screening - high levels of AFP - Amniocentesis - USS
52
What week does the 5 secondary brain vesicles start to form?
Week 5
53
What forms from the forebrain in week 5?
Telencephalon, diencephalon and mesencephalon
54
What are the ventricles formed from?
Lumen of neural tube
55
When does CSF form?
5th week
56
What do neural crest cells form?
PNS neurons and glia
57
What CNS cells migrate to the CNS?
All except microglia
58
What month does the spinal cord extend the entire length of the vertebral column?
3rd
59
When do the cortical folds start to develop?
26 weeks
60
What is the bladder and urethra formed from?
Urogenital sinus
61
What is the cloak divided into?
Rectum and urogenital sinus
62
What week doe the kidneys form?
4
63
What is the precursor for the meseonephric duct?
Pronephric duct
64
When does the pronephros degenerate around week 5, the mesonephros forms. What is it's function?
Functions as kidney for 4 weeks (week 5-9)
65
What does the mesonephros become?
Developing gonad
66
What takes over from the mesonephros to form the kidney?
Metenephros
67
How does the metenephros form the kidneys?
Ureteric bud out of duct (calyces, pelvis, CDs, ureters)covered by metenephric mesoderm (kidneys)
68
Why do the kidneys appear to ascend?
From beside bladder up by differential growth of lower body inferiorly
69
When does kidney ascent stop?
Contact with adrenal glands
70
Name possible anomalies in the development of the kidneys.
Duplicate ureter Aberrant renal artery Pancake kidney Horseshoe kidney

Anatomy (11 decks)

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