Neuro Flashcards
Where does the brainstem lie?
Posterior cranial fossa
Where does the cerebellum lie?
Posterior cranial fossa
What cranial nerves come off the midbrain?
III and IV
What cranial nerves come off the pons?
V, VI, VII
What cranial nerve comes off the pontomedullary junction?
VIII
What cranial nerves come off the medulla?
IX, X, XI, XII
What cranial nerves don’t come from the brainstem?
I, II
What nerve has the longest intracranial course?
Trochlear
What results from damage to the trochlear nerve?
Diplopia
What fibres are found in the middle cerebral peduncle?
Centripedal fibres
How many colliculi are in the midbrain?
2 - superior and inferior
What make up the diencephalon?
Thalamus and hypothalamus
Describe the parts of the cerebellum.
Anterior lobe, posterior lobe, vermis, cerebellar tonsil, focculonodular lobe
What separates the cerebral hemispheres?
Great longitudinal fissure
What fibres are found in the corpus callosum?
Commisural fibres connecting hemispheres
What separates the pre and post-central gyrus?
Central sulcus
What fissure lies above the auditory cortex?
Lateral (sylvian) fissure
What fibres are found in the precentral gyrus?
Motor
What fibres are found in the post central gyrus?
Somatosensory
At what level does the adult spinal cord end?
L1-2
At what level does the newborn spinal cord end?
L2-3
Where does the dura terminate?
S2
Where does the arachnoid terminate?
S2
What meningeal layer forms the film terminals?
Pia
What is located between the end of the spinal cord and S2?
Cistern (subarachnoid space)
How many spinal nerves are there?
31
Describe the circle of willis.
…
Where do the vertebral arteries come from?
Subclavian
At what vertebral level do the ICAs arise from?
C3/4
What arteries supply the primary motor cortex?
Middle cerebral and anterior cerebral arteries
What arteries supply the primary sensory cortex?
Middle cerebral and anterior cerebral arteries
What arteries supply the visual cortex?
Posterior cerebral artery
What arteries supply the auditory cortex?
Middle cerebral artery
What artery supplies the olfactory area?
Anterior cerebral artery
What runs just above the superior cerebellar artery?
Occulomotor nerve
What can a post cerebral artery aneurysm cause?
CN III palsy
What are signs of CN III palsy?
Ptosis, dilated pupil, down and out
Describe the venous drainage of the brain.
…
What forms the grooves on the inside of the skull?
Superior sagittal Transvers sinus Sigmoid sinus Cavernous sinus Confluence of sinuses
What is found in the cavernous sinus?
II, III, IV, V2. V3, VI,
ICA
What can infection spread from causing cavernous sinus thrombosis?
Emissary veins
What forms the upper and lower border of the fall cerebri between the cerebral hemispheres?
Upper = superior sagital sinus Lower = inferior sagittal sinus
What separates the cerebrum and cerebellum?
Tentorium cerebelli
What separates the two cerebellar hemispheres?
Falx cerebelli
What supplies blood to the dura?
Middle meningeal artery
What causes a extradural haematoma?
Rupture of middle meningeal artery
What causes a subdural haematoma?
Bridging veins
What is the function of the ventricular system?
CSF circulation
What produces CSF?
Choroid plexus
What is responsible for CSF reabsorption?
Arachnoid villi
Describe the route of the CSF in the ventricular system.
…
What forms the corpus striatum?
Caudate nucleus + lentiform nucleus
Name the 4 parts of the corpus callosum.
Rostrum
Genu
Body
Splenium
Name the thin sheet that separates the anterior horns of the two lateral ventricles.
Continuous superiorly with the corpus callosum and inferiorly with the fornix
What do the fibres of the fornix link?
Hippocampus and hypothalamus
What does the thalamus contain?
Grey mater nuclei
What nucleus in the thalamus relays most general sensory info?
VPL nucleus
What lies inferior to the thalamus?
Hypothalamus
Where is the diaphragmatic sell?
Overlies the pituitary
Identify the basal ganglia in a transverse section of the brain.
…
What type of fibres are found in the internal capsule?
Projection fibres
What supplies blood to the internal capsule?
Middle cerebral artery
Identify different sections of the spinal cord.
…
Note: thoracic has lateral horn, cervical more stretched, sacral more round
What cranial nerves supply PNS innervation?
3, 7, 9, 10
What are the three types of spinal cord tumours?
Intramedullary
Intradural/extramedullary
Extradural
What is the function of the frontal lobe?
Thinking, memory, behaviour, movements
What is the function of the temporal lobe?
Speech, hearing, language, feelings
What is the function of the parietal lobe?
Language and touch
What sulcus is responsible for vision?
Calcarine
What is the functional differences between Broca’s and Wernicke’s?
Broca's = motor speech Wernicke's = sensory speech
What fibres are found in the precentral gyrus?
Motor
What artery lies in the longitudinal fissure?
Anterior cerebral artery
What fissure contains the middle cerebral artery?
Sylvian/lateral fissure
Where is the insulation located?
Sylvian/lateral fissure
What is found above the corpus callosum which the anterior cerebral artery runs along?
Cingulate gyrus
What sulcus divides the occipital and parietal lobe?
Parieto-occipital sulcus
what part of the spinal cord is motor?
Anterior (ventral) horns
What is the function of the hippocampus, fornix and temporal lobe?
Emotions
What separates the lateral ventricles and 3rd ventricle?
Foramen of Munro
What connects the 3rd and 4th ventricle?
Cerebral aqueduct
Where does the film terminal terminate?
Coccyx
Where is choroid plexus not found?
Cerebral aqueduct
What is the function of the fornix?
Links hippocampus with maxillary bodies
What is located below the fornix?
Thalamus
What is the function of the pineal gland?
Secretes melatonin, circadian rhythm
What is the function of the superior and inferior colliculi?
Midbrain relay areas for vision (superior) and hearing (inferior)
How many cerebral and cerebellar peduncles are there?
Cerebral = 1 pair Cerebellar = 3 pairs
What part of the ventricular system is related to the midbrain?
Cerebral aqueduct
What ventricle sits between the thalamus?
3rd ventricle
What ventricle sits under the corpus callosum?
Lateral ventricle
What part of the basal ganglia is associated with the lateral ventricle?
Caudate nucleus
What is the basal ganglia made of?
Grey matter
What makes up the lentiform nucleus?
Putamen and globus pallidus
What makes up the corpus striatum?
Caudate and lentiform
Where is the internal capsule found?
Between thalamus and lentiform nucleus
What separates the right and left horns of the lateral ventricles?
Septum pellucidum
What does the Circle of Willis lie in?
Subarachnoid space
What are the arteries of the spinal cord?
Two posterior, one anterior and segmental
Where are venous sinuses?
In spaces in the dura mater
What is the clinical significance of the pterion?
Weakest point (connection between bones) where middle meningeal artery lies
What foramen does the middle meningeal artery pass through?
Foramen spinosum
What imaging modalities can be used to visualise the cerebral circulation?
CT angiogram
MR angiogram
What bone is the superior and middle turbinates a part of?
Ethmoid
