Urinary Flashcards
1
Q
What is the depression in the kidney’s concave surface where vessels, ureter, and nerves pass into or leave the kidney called?
A
Hilum
2
Q
What does the hilum open into?
A
renal sinus
3
Q
What is the funnel-shaped, expanded, proximal end of the ureter?
A
renal pelvis
4
Q
The renal sinus is a fat-filled cavity enclosing the following:
A
- branches of the renal artery, and vein, lymph vessels
- ureter and nerve fibers
5
Q
What does the outer layer of the kidney capsule have? inner layer?
A
outer: collagen and fibroblasts
inner: myofibroblasts
6
Q
What are the layers of the kidney from inner to outermost?
A
medulla -> cortex -> capsule
7
Q
The cortical tissue overlying the base of a pyramid is …
A
the cortical arch
8
Q
What are the two alternating regions that make up the cortex?
A
cortical labyrinth and medullary rays
9
Q
What 3 structures are found in the cortical labyrinth?
A
- Renal corpuscles
- Convoluted tubules (PCT and DCT)
- Collecting tubules
10
Q
What is the medullary tissue that extends from the base of the pyramids into the cortex in longitudinal striations?
A
Medullary rays
11
Q
What structures are found within the medullary rays?
A
- straight tubules ( proximal and distal )
2. collecting ducts
12
Q
True or False: 90% of the blood flowing through the kidney is in the medulla.
A
FALSE
cortex not medulla
-the blood will be filtered through the glomeruli
13
Q
What two structures are found in the medulla?
A
- renal pyramids
2. renal columns of Bertin
14
Q
How many renal pyramids are there per kidney?
A
8-18
15
Q
Where does the apex of the renal pyramid drain?
A
minor calyx
16
Q
What is another name for the apex of the renal pyramid?
A
renal papilla
17
Q
What consists of approx. 20 openings of the ducts of Bellini?
A
Area cribosa
18
Q
Where is the base of the renal pyramid?
A
at corticomedullary border
19
Q
What are the renal columns of Bertin?
A
cortical tissue projecting between medullary pyramids
they are considered part of the medulla
20
Q
What two structures are included in the renal columns of Bertin?
A
- straight tubules of the nephrons
- collecting ducts
21
Q
What structure receives the apex of one pyramid?
A
minor calyx
22
Q
Several minor calyces converge and open/drain into a …
A
major calyx
23
Q
What three things compose a kidney lobe?
A
- renal pyramid
- associated cortical tissue at the base of the pyramid
- associated cortical columns of Bertin (one half of each adjacent renal column)
24
Q
What composes a kidney lobule?
A
a collecting duct and all the nephrons that empty into the duct
25
nephron + collecting tubule = ?
uriniferous tubule
26
What is the structural and functional unit of the kidney?
nephron
27
What are the components of a nephron?
1. renal corpuscle
2. proximal tubule
3. thin limbs of henle's loop
4. distal tubule
28
What are the components of a renal corpuscle?
1. glomerulus
2. bowman's capsule
3. bowman's space
4. vascular pole
5. urinary pole
6. filtration barrier
29
What is the glomerulus?
- a cluster of fenestrated capillaries in an arterio-capillary bed
- glomerular ultrafiltrate oozes out of the glomerulus by passing through the filtration barrier
30
Where is Bowman's capsule located?
proximal end of the nephron
31
What is the visceral layer of Bowman's capsule composed of and what does it cover?
- composed of podocytes
| - covers the glomerulus
32
What is the parietal layer of Bowman's capsule composed of?
simple squamous epithelium covered by a basal lamina
33
What is the space between the visceral and parietal layers of Bowman's capsule and what does it contain?
Bowman's space
| - contains ultrafiltrate
34
What is the site where the afferent glomerular arteriole enters the renal corpuscle and the efferent glomerular arteriole leaves?
Vascular Pole
35
True or False: the diameter of the afferent arteriole is much larger than the diameter of the efferent.
TRUE
36
What contains the initial part of the proximal convoluted tubule?
urinary pole of the renal corpuscle
37
Describe the filtration barrier of the renal corpuscle from inside outward.
endothelial surface layer of glomerular capillaries -> fenestrated endothelium of glomerular capillary -> basal lamina -> subpodocyte space -> visceral layer of Bowman's capsule
38
What are the two discontinuous layers of the filtration barrier?
- fenestrated endothelium of glomerular capillary
| - visceral layer of Bowman's capsule (podocytes)
39
What causes congenital nephrotic syndrome?
- mutations in nephrin gene
| - leaky slit diaphragm --> massive proteinuria and edema
40
True or False: The filtrations slits of the secondary processes (pedicles) of the visceral layer of Bowman's capsule have a diaphragm.
TRUE
41
True or False: the fenestrated endothelium of glomerular capillary in the filtration barrier has diaphragms over the fenestrations.
FALSE
no diaphragms over fenestrations
42
What is another name for the proximal straight tubule?
thick descending limb of the loop of henle
43
Where is the intraglomerular mesangial cell located? what does it do?
- embedded in the basal lamina/basement membrane between glomerular capillaries (vascular pole)
- phagocytic, resorbs basal lamina
44
What causes Alport's syndrome (hereditary glomerulonephritis) ?
- mutations in gene encoding for type IV collagen
| - causes hematuria, proteinuria, and progressive renal failure
45
What type of cell populates the proximal convoluted tubule?
simple cuboidal epithelium with microvilli
46
Describe the histological features of cells in the proximal convoluted tubule.
eosinophilic, granular cytoplasm with PAS + basement membrane
47
What do you call the entire U-shaped portion of a nephron?
Henle's loop
48
Which portion of Henle's loop makes a hairpin turn?
thin descending loop
49
The entire thin limb of the loop of Henle is lined with ________________.
simple squamous epithelium
50
What is another name for the distal straight tubule?
thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle
51
What type of epithelium is found in the distal straight tubule?
low cuboidal epithelium with few microvilli
| - also has zonulae occludens
52
Which tubule has more mitochondria: distal straight tubule or proximal convoluted tubule?
distal straight tubule
53
What is the purpose of the macula densa (widened portion of distal tubule between afferent and efferent arterioles)?
This area has chemoreceptors which promote renin secretion by juxtaglomerular cells
54
Which convoluted tubule is shorter and less torturous?
distal convoluted tubule
55
Describe the distal convoluted tubule histologically.
- wide, clear lumen
- pale, granular cytoplasm
- smaller cells than PCT
56
Is the collecting tubule part of the uriniferous tubule? nephron?
YES uriniferous
| NO nephron
57
What does the distal convoluted tubule empty into?
a connecting tubule or arched collecting tubule which will drain into a cortical collecting duct or medullary collecting duct
58
What are formed as several medullary collecting tubules converge?
papillary collecting ducts of bellini
59
Where do the papillary collecting ducts of bellini open?
they open into the renal papilla of each pyramid and form the area cribosa ( "strainer" ) of the renal papilla
60
What type of epithelium lines the papillary collecting ducts of bellini?
tall columnar epithelium
61
What are juxtaglomerular cells?
modified smooth muscle cells in the tunica media of the AFFERENT glomerular arteriole that contain renin
62
How does renin increase blood pressure ?
1. angiotensinogen is converted by renin into angiotnesin-1
2. angiotensin-1 is converted by ACE (lung enzyme) into angiotensin-II
3. Angiotensin II constricts arterioles and stimulates secretion of aldosterone by suprarenal cortex
4. aldosterone stimulates the macula densa of DCT which increases absorption of sodium and calcium and excretion of potassium
5. increased fluid volume in body and blood pressure returns to normal
63
What drugs are used to lower blood pressure?
angiotensin receptor blockers and ACE inhibitors
64
Where do extraglomerular mesangial cells reside?
in the interval bordered by the afferent arteriole, macula densa, efferent arteriole, and vascular pole of renal corpuscle
65
Does the renal interstitium contain connective tissue?
yes, small amount of CT and fibroblasts and macrophages
66
Describe the blood flow through a kidney.
Renal artery --> anterior and posterior division --> segmental arteries --> lobar arteries --> interlobar arteries --> arcuate arteries --> interlobular arteries --> afferent glomerular arteries
67
What does the minor calyx receive urine from?
the renal papilla of a single renal pyramid
68
What does the major calyx receive urine from?
up to four minor calyces
69
What is the funnel-shaped, upper expanded portion of the ureter called?
renal pelvis
70
What does the mucosa of the ureter look like when empty?
thrown into folds
71
What type of epithelium is found in the mucosa of the ureter?
transitional epithelial lining
72
How is the upper 2/3 of the muscularis of the ureter different from the lower 1/3?
upper 2/3: outer circular layer and inner longitudinal layer
| lower 1/3: outer longitudinal layer (extra), middle circular layer, inner longitudinal layer
73
True or False: the ureters deliver urine to the urinary bladder via gravitational forces.
FALSE
the ureters deliver urine to the bladder via peristaltic waves produced by the muscularis
74
What type of epithelium is found in the mucosa of the bladder?
transitional epithelium
75
Is the lamina propria of the mucosa of the bladder more dense superficially or deeper?
dense irregular collagenous CT- superficial
| loose layer of CT- deeper
76
Which layer of smooth muscle forms the internal sphincter of the bladder?
middle layer
77
What attaches the bladder to surrounding structures?
adventitia
78
What type of epithelium is found in the female urethra?
transitional near the bladder, but mostly stratified squamous nonkeratinized
79
Where are glands of Littre located?
- lamina propria of the female and male urethra
| - produce mucous
80
Where is the external urethral sphincter located?
where the urethra penetrates the urogenital diaphragm
| - skeletal muscle
81
What types of epithelium are found in the three divisions of the penile urethra?
1. prostatic urethra: transitional epithelium
2. membranous urethra: stratified columnar and pseudostratified columnar
3. spongy urethra: pseudostratified columnar and stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium in the distal end
82
What glands secrete mucous to lubricate the penile urethral lumen?
Bulbourethral glands of cowper
