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Cell Bio Exam 4 > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three principle functions of the respiratory system?

A
  1. air conduction
  2. air filtration
  3. gas exchange

air conduction and air filtration can be combined as “air conditioning”

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2
Q

Which portion of the airway transports, conditions, and filters air?

A

Conducting portion

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3
Q

Which portion of the airway is associated with alveoli?

A

Respiratory

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4
Q

Name the structures within the extrapulmonary portion of the conducting airway.

A
  1. nasal vestibule and cavity
  2. nasopharynx and oropharynx
  3. larynx
  4. trachea
  5. primary bronchi
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5
Q

Name the structures within the intrapulmonary portion of the conducting airway.

A
  1. Secondary bronchi
  2. Tertiary bronchi
  3. Primary bronchiole
  4. Terminal bronchiole
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6
Q

What supplies a secondary pulmonary lobule?

A

Each primary bronchiole and its terminal bronchiolar branches

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7
Q

Why do the interlobular septa stain black?

A

anthracotic pigment has been consumed by macrophages and is flowing through the lymph vessels within the interlobular septa
- outlines the secondary pulmonary lobules

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8
Q

What supplies a primary acinus?

A

terminal bronchioles and branches

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9
Q

What supplies a pulmonary lobule/respiratory lobule?

A

Respiratory bronchioles

*this is where gas exchange takes place

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10
Q

Where would one tumor nodules that have been lymphangitically spread?

A

1) Nodules within the interlobular speta of the secondary pulmonary lobule
or
2) nodules in the lymphatics near the pulmonary artery

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11
Q

What are the components of the respiratory airways (decreasing order)?

A

Respiratory bronchiole
Alveolar duct
Alveolar sac
Alveoli

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12
Q

Where is olfactory epithelium located?

A

lines the superior margin of the nasal septum and superior nasal concha

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13
Q

What cell type is olfactory epithelium?

A

pseudostratified columnar

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14
Q

What are the cellular residents of the olfactory epithelium?

A

1) olfactory receptor cells
2) sustentacular cells
3) brush cells
4) basal cells

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15
Q

What type of neurons are olfactory receptor cells?

A

bipolar neurons with a dendrite projecting towards the epithelial surface and axons toward the lamina propria

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16
Q

Describe the olfactory vesicle.

A

Dilated ending of the olfactory receptor cell dendrite with 6-8 non-motile cilia that fold flat over the surface of the epithelium and are used to detect olfaction

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17
Q

Where is the axon of the olfactory receptor cell located?

A

the axon enters the lamina propria by penetrating the basal lamina

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18
Q

Is the axon of the olfactory receptor cell myelinated?

A

No

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19
Q

Describe sustentacular cells.

A

Columnar cells with apical microvilli forming a striated border

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20
Q

What is the purpose of the sustentacular cells?

A

“supporting cells”

- Provide support and nourishment for olfactory cells and insulate the olfactory cells from one another

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21
Q

What gives a yellow-brown color to the mucosa?

A

Sustentacular cells that contain lipofuscin granules

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22
Q

Do brush cells have microvilli?

A

Yes - on the apical domain

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23
Q

What transduces sensory stimulation of the mucosa?

A

brush cells in synaptic contact with branches of CN V

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24
Q

Which cell is this: short, pyramidal-shaped cells that are anchored to the basal lamina but do not reach the apical surface of the epithelium?

A

Basal cells

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25
Q

What is the purpose of the basal cell?

A

“stem cell of the olfactory epithelium”

- regenerative cells that can mature into brush, sustentacular, and olfactory receptor cells

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26
Q

What are the contents of the olfactory lamina propria?

A
  1. Bowman’s glands
  2. Unmyelinated nerve fibers and bundles
  3. Swell bodies
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27
Q

What do Bowman’s glands secrete?

A

Serous product containing odorant-binding protein

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28
Q

Describe the function of swell bodies.

A

Erectile venous bodies on one side of the nasal cavity will swell and cause obstruction of airflow which then allows the cells on the obstructed side to re-hydrate.

  • “Swell side” will switch
  • unconscious process
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29
Q

Where is non-keratinized, stratified squamos epithelium found within the larynx?

A

On surfaces subject to abrasive and vibratory forces:

  1. vocal folds
  2. anterior surface of the epiglottis
  3. exterior laryngeal surfaces
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30
Q

What epithelium is most of the larynx covered by?

A

Respiratory epithelium

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31
Q

Describe respiratory epithelium.

A

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells

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32
Q

Where do serous secretions accumulate to flow over the vocal folds?

A

Laryngeal ventricle/saccule

-this is necessary because the folds do not have any of their own glands

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33
Q

What does the lamina propria of the larynx contain?

A
  1. serous mucous glands
  2. vocal ligament
  3. Reinke’s space
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34
Q

Where are seromucus glands particularly abundant?

A

over the epiglottis and in the saccules

-secretions keep the folds moist

35
Q

Where is the vocal ligament found?

A

the lamina propria overlying the vocalis muscle of the true vocal cord

36
Q

What is the part of the lamina propria lying between the basal lamina and the vocal ligament?

A

Reinke’s space

37
Q

Which part of the airways contains more cellular diversity?

A

Larger airways

The cellular epithelial residents of the airways are more diverse in the larger airways and less diverse in the small airways.

38
Q

What cells can be found in the larger airways?

A
  • ciliated columnar cells
  • goblet cells
  • basal cells
  • neuroendocrine cells
  • brush cells
  • non-epithelial cells (intraepithelial lymphocytes and mast cells)
39
Q

What is the purpose of intraepithelial lymphocytes?

A

T- lymphocyte immune surveilance

40
Q

What cell within the larger airways will constrict smooth muscle when activated?

A

Mast cells

41
Q

What cells would you find in primary/lobular bronchioles?

A
  • ciliated columnar cells
  • ciliated cuboidal cells
  • goblet cells
  • basal cells
  • brush cells
42
Q

What is the most distal segment at which you will see goblet cells?

A

Primary/lobular bronchioles

*smokers may have an increased presence of goblet cells in more distal areas

43
Q

What cells would you find within the terminal bronchioles?

A
  • ciliated cuboidal cells
  • nonciliated cuboidal cells
  • club cells
  • brush cells
44
Q

What cells would you find within a respiratory bronchiole?

A
  • ciliated cuboidal cells
  • nonciliated cuboidal cells
  • club cells
  • type I pneumocytes
45
Q

What cells would you find at the alveolar level?

A
  • type I pneumocytes

- type II pneumocytes

46
Q

What is another name for pneumocytes?

A

alveolar cells

47
Q

Name the layers of the trachea and primary bronchus from inner to outer layer.

A

Mucosa –> submucosa with glands –> cartilage and trachealis –> adventitia

48
Q

Name the layers of the intrapulmonary bronchi from inner to outer layer.

A

Mucosa –> muscularis –> submucosa with glands –> cartilage –> adventitia

49
Q

Name the layers of the brionchioles from inner to outer layer.

A

Mucosa –> muscularis –> fibroelastic CT layer

50
Q

Which respiratory segment doesn’t have a muscularis layer?

A

Trachea and primary bronchus

51
Q

What three layers do both the trachea/primary bronchus and intrapulmonary bronchi segments have, that the bronchiole segment does not have?

A
  1. submucosa with glands
  2. cartilage
  3. adventitia
52
Q

What wall layer is unique to the bronchioles?

A

fibroelastic CT layer

53
Q

Describe the mucosa of the trachea and primary bronchus.

A

Respiratory epithelium supported by a prominent basement membrane with a lamina propria

54
Q

What seven cells might you find in the mucosal layer of the trachea/primary bronchus?

A
  1. ciliated columnar cells
  2. goblet cells
  3. brush cells
  4. basal cells
  5. neuroendocrine cells of Kulchitsky
  6. Intraepithelial lymphocytes
  7. Mast cells
55
Q

What are the drivers of mucocilliary clearance?

A

ciliated columnar cells

56
Q

What happens to goblet cells when irritated?

A

goblet cells increase in number and extend into the bronchioles when irritated

57
Q

When are neuroendocrine cells most numerous?

A

in fetal lungs- they decrease substantially after birth and may proliferate in certain disease of the pulmonary system

58
Q

What is responsible for secreting mucins, lactoferrin and lysozyme, IgA, and protease inhibitors? where is it located?

A

seromucous glands in the submucosa

59
Q

What is alpha-1-antitrypsin?

A

A protease inhibitor secreted by seromucous glands in the submucosa

  • A deficiency leads to the development of a form of emphysema
60
Q

Where is IgA synthesized?

A

Within the plasma cells in the connective tissue layer of submucosa

It is endocytozed, then secreted by the glandular cells of the submucosa

61
Q

What wall modifications are seen with asthma?

A
  • Increased mucus
  • Increased thickness of basal lamina
  • Increased thickness of lamina propria due to edema and emigration of inflammatory cells
  • increased thickness of muscularis
  • increased glands in submucosa
62
Q

In what disease might you see metaplasia?

A

Chronic Bronchitis
- The epithelium in stratified squamous instead of respiratory

other changes you would see are similar to asthma

63
Q

Compare the cartilage layer of the trachea/primary bronchus and of the intrapulmonary bronchus.

A

trachea/primary: C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage with smooth muscle bridging the ends of the rings

intrapulmonary: discontinuous plates/islands of cartilage

64
Q

Epithelial cell height _________ as bronchi divide and become smaller.

A

Decreases

Basement membrane also becomes less conspicuous until it is no longer discernable.

65
Q

At the level of the respiratory bronchioles, what type of cell populates the respiratory epithelium?

A

simple cuboidal

66
Q

Are goblet cells found in the small bronchioles? large bronchioles?

A

NO small, YES large

67
Q

Where are club cells found?

A

terminal and respiratory bronchioles

68
Q

What do club cells do?

A
  • Secrete surfactant and club cell protein 16 CC16
  • Divide to replace bronchiolar and alveolar epithelial cells (stem cell)
  • Regulate Cl- transport
69
Q

What is CC16?

A

antioxidant/anti-inflammatory molecule

-CC16 is increased in the blood and decreased in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid when bronchioles are damaged

70
Q

True or False: Glands are absent in the lamina propria of the bronchioles.

A

True

At this level, secretions would get in the way of lung function

71
Q

What layer is responsible for maintaining the patency of bronchioles?

A

Fibroelastic layer of CT

72
Q

Which type of alveolar cell covers more surface area? which type is most numerous?

A

Type I covers more surface area, but Type II is more numerous

73
Q

True or False: Type I and II alveolar cells are not capable of division.

A

False
Type I are not capable of cell division. Type II are capable of cell division to regenerate themselves and type I pneumocytes.

74
Q

Describe Type I alveolar cells.

A

Simple squamous cells that are attenuated to facilitate gas exchange.
Connected to each other by tight junctions.

75
Q

Describe Type II alveolar cells.

A

Cuboidal cells with short apical microvilli and connected to type I cells by tight junctions.

76
Q

What is secreted by Type II alveolar cells?

A

pulmonary surfactant contained in lamellar bodies

77
Q

Surfactant is __________ produced as it is turned over by the ____________endocytotic action of type ___ pneumocytes and alveolar macrophages.

A

continuously; receptor-mediated; II

78
Q

Why does hyperinsulinemia in fetuses of diabetic mothers lead to a higher incidence of respiratory distress failure?

A
  • Insulin inhibits corticosteroids
  • Cortisol is an important inducer of surfactant synthesis
  • Inadequate surfactant production causes the lungs to collapse (atelectasis)
79
Q

Where are alveolar macrophages found?

A

Found in the alveolar lumen and migrate over the epithelial surface.
Also found in the connective tissue compartment of the interalveolar septum.

80
Q

Why are alveolar macrophages also known as heart failure cells?

A

RBC in the lumen of the alveoli due to heart failure are degraded by macrophages

81
Q

Where is the interalveolar septum located and what does it contain?

A
  • space between adjacent alveolar epithelium

- contains continuous capillary or in wider areas, type III collagen and elastic fibers

82
Q

What is the blood-air barrier formed by?

A
  • Surfactant
  • Type I alveolar cell
  • Basal laminae of cell above and below
  • Endothelial cell of continuous capillary
83
Q

Describe Reinke’s edema.

A

Massive swelling of Reinke’s space due to irritation and dehydration
examination: Enlarged vocal folds, limited pitch range, strained phonation onset and frequent pitch breaks

Cell Bio Exam 4 (10 decks)

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