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Cell Bio Exam 4 > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three principle functions of the respiratory system?

A
  1. air conduction
  2. air filtration
  3. gas exchange

air conduction and air filtration can be combined as “air conditioning”

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2
Q

Which portion of the airway transports, conditions, and filters air?

A

Conducting portion

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3
Q

Which portion of the airway is associated with alveoli?

A

Respiratory

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4
Q

Name the structures within the extrapulmonary portion of the conducting airway.

A
  1. nasal vestibule and cavity
  2. nasopharynx and oropharynx
  3. larynx
  4. trachea
  5. primary bronchi
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5
Q

Name the structures within the intrapulmonary portion of the conducting airway.

A
  1. Secondary bronchi
  2. Tertiary bronchi
  3. Primary bronchiole
  4. Terminal bronchiole
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6
Q

What supplies a secondary pulmonary lobule?

A

Each primary bronchiole and its terminal bronchiolar branches

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7
Q

Why do the interlobular septa stain black?

A

anthracotic pigment has been consumed by macrophages and is flowing through the lymph vessels within the interlobular septa
- outlines the secondary pulmonary lobules

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8
Q

What supplies a primary acinus?

A

terminal bronchioles and branches

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9
Q

What supplies a pulmonary lobule/respiratory lobule?

A

Respiratory bronchioles

*this is where gas exchange takes place

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10
Q

Where would one tumor nodules that have been lymphangitically spread?

A

1) Nodules within the interlobular speta of the secondary pulmonary lobule
or
2) nodules in the lymphatics near the pulmonary artery

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11
Q

What are the components of the respiratory airways (decreasing order)?

A

Respiratory bronchiole
Alveolar duct
Alveolar sac
Alveoli

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12
Q

Where is olfactory epithelium located?

A

lines the superior margin of the nasal septum and superior nasal concha

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13
Q

What cell type is olfactory epithelium?

A

pseudostratified columnar

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14
Q

What are the cellular residents of the olfactory epithelium?

A

1) olfactory receptor cells
2) sustentacular cells
3) brush cells
4) basal cells

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15
Q

What type of neurons are olfactory receptor cells?

A

bipolar neurons with a dendrite projecting towards the epithelial surface and axons toward the lamina propria

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16
Q

Describe the olfactory vesicle.

A

Dilated ending of the olfactory receptor cell dendrite with 6-8 non-motile cilia that fold flat over the surface of the epithelium and are used to detect olfaction

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17
Q

Where is the axon of the olfactory receptor cell located?

A

the axon enters the lamina propria by penetrating the basal lamina

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18
Q

Is the axon of the olfactory receptor cell myelinated?

A

No

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19
Q

Describe sustentacular cells.

A

Columnar cells with apical microvilli forming a striated border

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20
Q

What is the purpose of the sustentacular cells?

A

“supporting cells”

- Provide support and nourishment for olfactory cells and insulate the olfactory cells from one another

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21
Q

What gives a yellow-brown color to the mucosa?

A

Sustentacular cells that contain lipofuscin granules

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22
Q

Do brush cells have microvilli?

A

Yes - on the apical domain

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23
Q

What transduces sensory stimulation of the mucosa?

A

brush cells in synaptic contact with branches of CN V

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24
Q

Which cell is this: short, pyramidal-shaped cells that are anchored to the basal lamina but do not reach the apical surface of the epithelium?

A

Basal cells

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25
What is the purpose of the basal cell?
"stem cell of the olfactory epithelium" | - regenerative cells that can mature into brush, sustentacular, and olfactory receptor cells
26
What are the contents of the olfactory lamina propria?
1. Bowman's glands 2. Unmyelinated nerve fibers and bundles 3. Swell bodies
27
What do Bowman's glands secrete?
Serous product containing odorant-binding protein
28
Describe the function of swell bodies.
Erectile venous bodies on one side of the nasal cavity will swell and cause obstruction of airflow which then allows the cells on the obstructed side to re-hydrate. - "Swell side" will switch - unconscious process
29
Where is non-keratinized, stratified squamos epithelium found within the larynx?
On surfaces subject to abrasive and vibratory forces: 1. vocal folds 2. anterior surface of the epiglottis 3. exterior laryngeal surfaces
30
What epithelium is most of the larynx covered by?
Respiratory epithelium
31
Describe respiratory epithelium.
Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells
32
Where do serous secretions accumulate to flow over the vocal folds?
Laryngeal ventricle/saccule -this is necessary because the folds do not have any of their own glands
33
What does the lamina propria of the larynx contain?
1. serous mucous glands 2. vocal ligament 3. Reinke's space
34
Where are seromucus glands particularly abundant?
over the epiglottis and in the saccules -secretions keep the folds moist
35
Where is the vocal ligament found?
the lamina propria overlying the vocalis muscle of the true vocal cord
36
What is the part of the lamina propria lying between the basal lamina and the vocal ligament?
Reinke's space
37
Which part of the airways contains more cellular diversity?
Larger airways The cellular epithelial residents of the airways are more diverse in the larger airways and less diverse in the small airways.
38
What cells can be found in the larger airways?
- ciliated columnar cells - goblet cells - basal cells - neuroendocrine cells - brush cells - non-epithelial cells (intraepithelial lymphocytes and mast cells)
39
What is the purpose of intraepithelial lymphocytes?
T- lymphocyte immune surveilance
40
What cell within the larger airways will constrict smooth muscle when activated?
Mast cells
41
What cells would you find in primary/lobular bronchioles?
- ciliated columnar cells - ciliated cuboidal cells - goblet cells - basal cells - brush cells
42
What is the most distal segment at which you will see goblet cells?
Primary/lobular bronchioles *smokers may have an increased presence of goblet cells in more distal areas
43
What cells would you find within the terminal bronchioles?
- ciliated cuboidal cells - nonciliated cuboidal cells - club cells - brush cells
44
What cells would you find within a respiratory bronchiole?
- ciliated cuboidal cells - nonciliated cuboidal cells - club cells - type I pneumocytes
45
What cells would you find at the alveolar level?
- type I pneumocytes | - type II pneumocytes
46
What is another name for pneumocytes?
alveolar cells
47
Name the layers of the trachea and primary bronchus from inner to outer layer.
Mucosa --> submucosa with glands --> cartilage and trachealis --> adventitia
48
Name the layers of the intrapulmonary bronchi from inner to outer layer.
Mucosa --> muscularis --> submucosa with glands --> cartilage --> adventitia
49
Name the layers of the brionchioles from inner to outer layer.
Mucosa --> muscularis --> fibroelastic CT layer
50
Which respiratory segment doesn't have a muscularis layer?
Trachea and primary bronchus
51
What three layers do both the trachea/primary bronchus and intrapulmonary bronchi segments have, that the bronchiole segment does not have?
1. submucosa with glands 2. cartilage 3. adventitia
52
What wall layer is unique to the bronchioles?
fibroelastic CT layer
53
Describe the mucosa of the trachea and primary bronchus.
Respiratory epithelium supported by a prominent basement membrane with a lamina propria
54
What seven cells might you find in the mucosal layer of the trachea/primary bronchus?
1. ciliated columnar cells 2. goblet cells 3. brush cells 4. basal cells 5. neuroendocrine cells of Kulchitsky 6. Intraepithelial lymphocytes 7. Mast cells
55
What are the drivers of mucocilliary clearance?
ciliated columnar cells
56
What happens to goblet cells when irritated?
goblet cells increase in number and extend into the bronchioles when irritated
57
When are neuroendocrine cells most numerous?
in fetal lungs- they decrease substantially after birth and may proliferate in certain disease of the pulmonary system
58
What is responsible for secreting mucins, lactoferrin and lysozyme, IgA, and protease inhibitors? where is it located?
seromucous glands in the submucosa
59
What is alpha-1-antitrypsin?
A protease inhibitor secreted by seromucous glands in the submucosa * A deficiency leads to the development of a form of emphysema
60
Where is IgA synthesized?
Within the plasma cells in the connective tissue layer of submucosa It is endocytozed, then secreted by the glandular cells of the submucosa
61
What wall modifications are seen with asthma?
- Increased mucus - Increased thickness of basal lamina - Increased thickness of lamina propria due to edema and emigration of inflammatory cells - increased thickness of muscularis - increased glands in submucosa
62
In what disease might you see metaplasia?
Chronic Bronchitis - The epithelium in stratified squamous instead of respiratory other changes you would see are similar to asthma
63
Compare the cartilage layer of the trachea/primary bronchus and of the intrapulmonary bronchus.
trachea/primary: C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage with smooth muscle bridging the ends of the rings intrapulmonary: discontinuous plates/islands of cartilage
64
Epithelial cell height _________ as bronchi divide and become smaller.
Decreases Basement membrane also becomes less conspicuous until it is no longer discernable.
65
At the level of the respiratory bronchioles, what type of cell populates the respiratory epithelium?
simple cuboidal
66
Are goblet cells found in the small bronchioles? large bronchioles?
NO small, YES large
67
Where are club cells found?
terminal and respiratory bronchioles
68
What do club cells do?
- Secrete surfactant and club cell protein 16 CC16 - Divide to replace bronchiolar and alveolar epithelial cells (stem cell) - Regulate Cl- transport
69
What is CC16?
antioxidant/anti-inflammatory molecule -CC16 is increased in the blood and decreased in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid when bronchioles are damaged
70
True or False: Glands are absent in the lamina propria of the bronchioles.
True At this level, secretions would get in the way of lung function
71
What layer is responsible for maintaining the patency of bronchioles?
Fibroelastic layer of CT
72
Which type of alveolar cell covers more surface area? which type is most numerous?
Type I covers more surface area, but Type II is more numerous
73
True or False: Type I and II alveolar cells are not capable of division.
False Type I are not capable of cell division. Type II are capable of cell division to regenerate themselves and type I pneumocytes.
74
Describe Type I alveolar cells.
Simple squamous cells that are attenuated to facilitate gas exchange. Connected to each other by tight junctions.
75
Describe Type II alveolar cells.
Cuboidal cells with short apical microvilli and connected to type I cells by tight junctions.
76
What is secreted by Type II alveolar cells?
pulmonary surfactant contained in lamellar bodies
77
Surfactant is __________ produced as it is turned over by the ____________endocytotic action of type ___ pneumocytes and alveolar macrophages.
continuously; receptor-mediated; II
78
Why does hyperinsulinemia in fetuses of diabetic mothers lead to a higher incidence of respiratory distress failure?
- Insulin inhibits corticosteroids - Cortisol is an important inducer of surfactant synthesis - Inadequate surfactant production causes the lungs to collapse (atelectasis)
79
Where are alveolar macrophages found?
Found in the alveolar lumen and migrate over the epithelial surface. Also found in the connective tissue compartment of the interalveolar septum.
80
Why are alveolar macrophages also known as heart failure cells?
RBC in the lumen of the alveoli due to heart failure are degraded by macrophages
81
Where is the interalveolar septum located and what does it contain?
- space between adjacent alveolar epithelium | - contains continuous capillary or in wider areas, type III collagen and elastic fibers
82
What is the blood-air barrier formed by?
- Surfactant - Type I alveolar cell - Basal laminae of cell above and below - Endothelial cell of continuous capillary
83
Describe Reinke's edema.
Massive swelling of Reinke's space due to irritation and dehydration examination: Enlarged vocal folds, limited pitch range, strained phonation onset and frequent pitch breaks

Cell Bio Exam 4 (10 decks)

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