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Cell Bio Exam 4 > Female Reproductive II > Flashcards

Female Reproductive II Flashcards

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1
Q

Define ovulation.

A

release of a secondary oocyte from a mature follicle

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2
Q

When do FSH and LH spike?

A

Day 14 of the menstrual cycle

  • this is necessary for ovulation to occur
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3
Q

Where is the mature follicle located within 12 hours before ovulation?

A

a mature follicle is close to and protrudes like a blister from the ovarian surface before ovulation

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4
Q

What causes meiosis I to resume?

A

-surge in LH

The primary oocyte will then complete meiosis I and become a secondary oocyte which begins meiosis II immediately, but pauses at metaphase II.

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5
Q

Ooctye surrounded by zona pellucida and granulosa cells (corona radiata) float in ___________.

A

liquor folliculi

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6
Q

What are follicular stigma?

A

clear pale spots formed on the ovary, over the follicle, as blood flow to this are ceases

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7
Q

What breaks down the cortical stromal tissue covering the follicle?

A

proteases

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8
Q

What must rupture to release the oocyte and liquor folliculi?

A

granulosa wall

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9
Q

Describe the oocyte released at ovulation.

A

A secondary oocyte in metaphase II covered by zona pellucida and granulosa cells

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10
Q

For how long is the oocyte viable?

A

24 hours

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11
Q

What is the corpus luteum composed of?

A

granulosa and thecal cells of the collapsed mature follicle left behind following ovulation remain embedded within the ovarian cortex and are transformed into a temporary endocrine gland (corpus luteum)

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12
Q

What hormones maintain the corpus luteum during the second half of the menstrual cycle?

A

the CL is maintained by pituitary gonadotropins FSH and LH

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13
Q

If the ovulated oocyte is not fertilized, the granulosa and thecal cells left in the ovarian cortex are referred to as __________.

A

CL of menstruation

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14
Q

What is the function of the CL of menstruation?

A
  • continues to produce estrogen and PG for 14 days to maintain the endometrial lining
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15
Q

What is the CL of menstruation called when it degenerates?

A

corpus albicans (scar tissue)

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16
Q

What causes the endometrium to shed and menstrual bleeding to occur?

A

a drop in estrogen and PG levels after the CL of menstruation degenerates

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17
Q

If the ovulated oocyte is fertilized and implantation/pregnancy occurs, the granulosa and thecal cells remaining in the ovarian cortex become the _____________.

A

CL of pregnancy

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18
Q

What maintains the CL of pregnancy?

A
  • hCG released by the syncytiotrophoblast of the chorion

- the CL of pregnancy will continue to produce estrogen and PG to maintain the endometrium and pregnancy

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19
Q

When does implantation of the blastocyst occur?

A

day 20-21 of the menstrual cycle

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20
Q

When does the syncytiotrophoblast develop?

A

around day 7 of fertilization

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21
Q

By what day is hCG being released if a pregnancy occurs?

A

by day 28 of the menstrual cycle

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22
Q

What is the basis of most pregnancy tests?

A

Presence of hCG in the urine

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23
Q

What cells produce estrogens and PG?

A

Granulosa lutein cells (granulosa cells) and theca lutein cells (theca interna cells)

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24
Q

What effect do estrogens and PG more specifically have on the endometrium?

A

estrogens and PG stimulate the maturation and glandular activity of the endometrium- preparing the uterine lining for possible implantation of the blastocyst

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25
Q

What is the dense connective tissue scar formed after the the corpus luteum regresses following menstruation or pregnancy?

A

corpus albicans

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26
Q

How do granulosa lutein cells and theca lutein cells appear histologically?

A

“bubbly” or “frothy” because of the lipid droplets removed in preparation

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27
Q

True or False: polycystic ovarian disease usually only affects one ovary.

A

FALSE

it is usually bilateral

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28
Q

Describe the tunica albuginea of a patient with polycystic ovarian disease.

A

The abnormally thickened tunica albuginea results in many fluid-filled follicular cysts and atrophic secondary follicles that remain embedded in the ovary

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29
Q

True or False: the ovaries of a patient with polycystic ovarian disease have a rough, bumpy surface.

A

FALSE

the ovaries have a smooth surface because the patient is not ovulating (scar tissue from ovulation causes the normal dimples)

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30
Q

How is the hormone ratio of a person with polycystic ovarian disease affected?

A

no ovulation–> granulosa cells do not become CL –> no PG

  • the uterine endometrium is only stimulated by estrogen
  • treated with hormone therapy to establish a normal estrogen to PG ratio
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31
Q

What is stein-leventhal syndrome?

A

A patient with polycystic ovarian disease also has oligomeorrhea (scanty menstruation)

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32
Q

Why is ZP3 the most important glycoprotein found in the zona pellucida?

A

because it serves as the spermatozoa-binding receptor and induces the acrosome reaction

ZP1- function unknown
ZP2- secondary spermatozoa-binding protein

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33
Q

What is the first barrier spermatozoa have to pierce during fertilization?

A

the corona radiata

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34
Q

What is the acrosome reaction?

A

Binding of spermatozoa to ZP3 causes the acrosome to release enzymes (esterases, acrosoin and neuraminidases) which facilitate a single sperm to perforate the zona pellucida

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35
Q

True or False: the acrosome enzymes are enough to facilitate the sperm’s penetration of the ZP.

A

FALSE

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36
Q

What is the zona reaction?

A

when a sperm penetrates the zona pellucida, the zona reaction changes the zona pellucida so that it becomes impermeable to other sperm

37
Q

Describe the hyperactivation reaction.

A

A sperm in close proximity to a secondary oocyte becomes hyperactivated due to an influx of calcium ions into the sperm’s tail via CatSpers channels
- this helps the sperm to enter the secondary oocyte

38
Q

What is necessary for the sperm to perforate the barriers that encapsulate the oocyte?

A
  1. hyaluronidases (enzymes)

2. sperm hyperactivation

39
Q

Describe the infundibulum of the fallopian tube.

A
  • trumpet shaped
  • displays fimbriae
  • free end opens into the peritoneal cavity
40
Q

What is the function of fimbriae?

A

Fimbriae facilitate the capture of the oocyte at ovulation so that it can pass into the lumen of the fallopian tube

41
Q

What is the widest and longest part of the fallopian tube?

A

the ampulla

- it is 2/3 of the tubes’ length and the dilated portion

42
Q

What is the normal site of fertilization?

A

ampulla

43
Q

What is the constricted portion of the fallopian tube that connects the tube to the uterus?

A

isthmus

*the uterine (intramural) part extends into the uterine wall

44
Q

What are the layers of the fallopian tube from innermost to outermost?

A

mucosa -> muscularis -> serosa

45
Q

Where are the longitudinal mucosal folds of the fallopian tube most numerous?

A

ampulla

-folds increase its surface area

46
Q

What cell type is found in the epithelium of the mucosal layer of the fallopian tube?

A

simple columnar ciliated and non-ciliated

lamina propria of loose connective tissue is deep to the epithelium

47
Q

What direction do the wave of cilia sweep the oocyte?

A

in the direction of the uterus

48
Q

What is the function of non-ciliated peg cells found in the mucosa of fallopian tube?

A

produce nutrient-rich, protective secretions for oocyte, sperm, or zygote

49
Q

How is the smooth muscle arranged in the muscularis layer of the fallopian tube?

A

thick layer of circular fibers (inner)

thin layer of longitudinal fibers (outer)

50
Q

How does the muscularis layer of the fallopian tube assist in movement of the oocyte?

A

produces rhythmic peristaltic waves that facilitate the movement of the oocyte from the infundibulum to the ampulla (towards the uterus)

51
Q

Describe the outer serosa layer of the fallopian tube.

A
  • mesalopinx which invests the uterine tube

- visceral peritoneum (mesothelium and thin layer of LCT)

52
Q

What is the site of implantation of the uterus?

A

the uterus

  • it protects and nurtures the developing embryo and fetus during its 9 month gestation
53
Q

What is an ectopic tubal pregnancy?

A

sometimes the blastocyst implants in the wrong area (not in the uterine wall)
most common ectopic pregnancy site: within the ampulla of the fallopian tube
least common: within the ovary

54
Q

What are the layers of the uterus from innermost to outermost?

A

endometrium -> myometrium -> perimetrium

55
Q

Describe the epithelium of the mucosa endometrium of the uterus?

A

simple columnar with ciliated and non-ciliated (secrete glycoproteins) cells

56
Q

What type of glands are found in the lamina propria/ endometrial stroma of the endometrium?

A

simple branched tubular glands (uterine glands)

  • also has fibroblasts, dense irregular collagenous connective tissue
57
Q

What is the functional layer of the endometrium?

A

stratum functionale

  • this layer is sloughed off at menstruation
58
Q

What is the name of the stratum functionale in pregnant women?

A

Decidua

-this layer separates from the remainder of the uterus after childbirth

59
Q

What layer of the endometrium remains to repave the functional layer?

A

stratum basale

60
Q

What artery gives rise to arcuate arteries circumferentially oriented in the middle layer of myometrium?

A

uterine artery

61
Q

What arteries supply the functional layer?

A

spiral arteries

62
Q

What arteries supply the basal layer?

A

straight arteries

63
Q

Describe the smooth muscle layers of the uterine myometrium.

A

inner longitudinal layer
middle circular layer with large blood vessels
outer longitudinal layer

64
Q

During pregnancy, the smooth muscle cells of the myometrium undergo ____________ and ___________.

A

hypertrophy ( increase in size of existing smooth muscle cells) and hyperplasty ( increase in number of smooth muscle cells via mitotic cell division )

65
Q

What does the perimetrium layer of the uterus consist of?

A

serosa (mesothelium and loose connective tissue) OR adventitia (connective tissue which attaches to surrounding structures)

66
Q

What type of cell is the lining of the cervix?

A

simple columnar epithelium (mucous secreting)

67
Q

What cell type is found at the vaginal part (ectocervix) of the cervix?

A

stratified squamous nonkeratinizing epithelium

68
Q

What does the majority of the cervix consist of?

A

85% tough fibrous dense collagenous tissue
elastic fibers
some smooth muscle muscle fibers

69
Q

What are the cervical glands? what happens when they are obstructed?

A
  • branched mucous glands

- Nabothian cysts result from secretions obstructing the ducts of the cervical glands

70
Q

What is the endocervical canal?

A

junction between the endocervical epithelium and vaginal epithelium

71
Q

At midcycle, there is a/an ___________ in mucus production by the cervical glands.

A
  • increase in mucus production by 10X

- the mucus is less viscous easing sperm migration

72
Q

Describe an abnormal and normal cervical smear.

A

Normal: pycnotic nuclei, abundant cytoplasm, RBC, PMNs

Abnormal: large nuclei, little cytoplasm, PMNs

73
Q

What days are the menstrual phase?

A

1-4

74
Q

What days are the proliferative/follicular/estrogenic phase?

A

5-14

75
Q

What days are the secretory/luteal/progestational phase?

A

15-28

76
Q

What are the main actions of each three phases?

A

menstrual: menstrual flow
proliferative: follicle maturation in preparation for ovulation of oocyte
secretory: formation of the corpus luteum

77
Q

What happens during the menstrual phase?

A
  • the CL stops functioning and estrogen and PG levels decline
  • smooth muscle in the wall of spiral arteries contracts and blood flow to the functional layer decreases –> ischemia and necrosis
  • blood vessels break off and functional layer of the endometrium sloughs off –> menstrual flow
78
Q

What happens during the proliferative phase?

A
  • estrogen stimulates proliferation of epithelium, glands, and vessels
  • spiral arteries grow into the repaved endometrial stroma
79
Q

What happens during the secretory phase?

A
  • PG stimulates glands to synthesize and release glycoproteins
  • glands become coiled
  • spiral arteries grow into the functional layer of endometrium
80
Q

What is a uterine leiomyoma or “fibroid”?

A

benign neoplasm of smooth muscle origin

81
Q

Describe the morphology of a uterine leiomyoma.

A

well circumscribed, usually spherical, firm, gray-white tumor
- whorled appearance when sectioned

82
Q

Where is an intramural leiomyoma located? submucosal? subserosal?

A

intramural: embedded within the myometrium * most common
submucosal: deep to the uterine mucosa, bulging into uterine cavity
subserosal: deep to the serosa

83
Q

What are some of the negative symptoms of large and/or multiple leiomyomas? (small are usually asymptomatic)

A
  • abnormally heavy menstrual periods
  • urinary frequency due to compressed urinary bladder
  • impaired fertility
  • increased chance of spontaneous abortion during pregnancy and postpartum hemorrhage
  • 1% become malignant leiomyosarcomas
84
Q

What cell type is found in the epithelium of the vagina?

A

stratified squamous nonkeratinizing epithelium

85
Q

Describe the lamina propria of the vagina mucosa.

A

abundant elastic fibers, loose fibroelastic CT, lymphocytes and neutrophils

NO GLANDS in its wall

86
Q

Describe the muscular layer of the vagina.

A
  • thin inner layer with circular smooth muscle fibers

- thick outer layer with longitudinal fibers that are continuous with the corresponding uterine layer

87
Q

Describe the adventitia of the vagina.

A

DCT, thick elastic fibers, venous plexus, and nerve bundles

88
Q

What are the three layers of the vagina? (inner to outer)

A

mucosa -> muscular -> adventitia

89
Q

What type of glands are mammary glands?

A

compound tubuloalveolar glands

Cell Bio Exam 4 (10 decks)

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