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Cell Bio Exam 4 > Female Reproductive II > Flashcards

Female Reproductive II Flashcards

1
Q

Define ovulation.

A

release of a secondary oocyte from a mature follicle

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2
Q

When do FSH and LH spike?

A

Day 14 of the menstrual cycle

  • this is necessary for ovulation to occur
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3
Q

Where is the mature follicle located within 12 hours before ovulation?

A

a mature follicle is close to and protrudes like a blister from the ovarian surface before ovulation

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4
Q

What causes meiosis I to resume?

A

-surge in LH

The primary oocyte will then complete meiosis I and become a secondary oocyte which begins meiosis II immediately, but pauses at metaphase II.

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5
Q

Ooctye surrounded by zona pellucida and granulosa cells (corona radiata) float in ___________.

A

liquor folliculi

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6
Q

What are follicular stigma?

A

clear pale spots formed on the ovary, over the follicle, as blood flow to this are ceases

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7
Q

What breaks down the cortical stromal tissue covering the follicle?

A

proteases

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8
Q

What must rupture to release the oocyte and liquor folliculi?

A

granulosa wall

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9
Q

Describe the oocyte released at ovulation.

A

A secondary oocyte in metaphase II covered by zona pellucida and granulosa cells

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10
Q

For how long is the oocyte viable?

A

24 hours

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11
Q

What is the corpus luteum composed of?

A

granulosa and thecal cells of the collapsed mature follicle left behind following ovulation remain embedded within the ovarian cortex and are transformed into a temporary endocrine gland (corpus luteum)

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12
Q

What hormones maintain the corpus luteum during the second half of the menstrual cycle?

A

the CL is maintained by pituitary gonadotropins FSH and LH

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13
Q

If the ovulated oocyte is not fertilized, the granulosa and thecal cells left in the ovarian cortex are referred to as __________.

A

CL of menstruation

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14
Q

What is the function of the CL of menstruation?

A
  • continues to produce estrogen and PG for 14 days to maintain the endometrial lining
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15
Q

What is the CL of menstruation called when it degenerates?

A

corpus albicans (scar tissue)

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16
Q

What causes the endometrium to shed and menstrual bleeding to occur?

A

a drop in estrogen and PG levels after the CL of menstruation degenerates

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17
Q

If the ovulated oocyte is fertilized and implantation/pregnancy occurs, the granulosa and thecal cells remaining in the ovarian cortex become the _____________.

A

CL of pregnancy

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18
Q

What maintains the CL of pregnancy?

A
  • hCG released by the syncytiotrophoblast of the chorion

- the CL of pregnancy will continue to produce estrogen and PG to maintain the endometrium and pregnancy

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19
Q

When does implantation of the blastocyst occur?

A

day 20-21 of the menstrual cycle

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20
Q

When does the syncytiotrophoblast develop?

A

around day 7 of fertilization

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21
Q

By what day is hCG being released if a pregnancy occurs?

A

by day 28 of the menstrual cycle

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22
Q

What is the basis of most pregnancy tests?

A

Presence of hCG in the urine

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23
Q

What cells produce estrogens and PG?

A

Granulosa lutein cells (granulosa cells) and theca lutein cells (theca interna cells)

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24
Q

What effect do estrogens and PG more specifically have on the endometrium?

A

estrogens and PG stimulate the maturation and glandular activity of the endometrium- preparing the uterine lining for possible implantation of the blastocyst

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25
What is the dense connective tissue scar formed after the the corpus luteum regresses following menstruation or pregnancy?
corpus albicans
26
How do granulosa lutein cells and theca lutein cells appear histologically?
"bubbly" or "frothy" because of the lipid droplets removed in preparation
27
True or False: polycystic ovarian disease usually only affects one ovary.
FALSE it is usually bilateral
28
Describe the tunica albuginea of a patient with polycystic ovarian disease.
The abnormally thickened tunica albuginea results in many fluid-filled follicular cysts and atrophic secondary follicles that remain embedded in the ovary
29
True or False: the ovaries of a patient with polycystic ovarian disease have a rough, bumpy surface.
FALSE the ovaries have a smooth surface because the patient is not ovulating (scar tissue from ovulation causes the normal dimples)
30
How is the hormone ratio of a person with polycystic ovarian disease affected?
no ovulation--> granulosa cells do not become CL --> no PG - the uterine endometrium is only stimulated by estrogen - treated with hormone therapy to establish a normal estrogen to PG ratio
31
What is stein-leventhal syndrome?
A patient with polycystic ovarian disease also has oligomeorrhea (scanty menstruation)
32
Why is ZP3 the most important glycoprotein found in the zona pellucida?
because it serves as the spermatozoa-binding receptor and induces the acrosome reaction ZP1- function unknown ZP2- secondary spermatozoa-binding protein
33
What is the first barrier spermatozoa have to pierce during fertilization?
the corona radiata
34
What is the acrosome reaction?
Binding of spermatozoa to ZP3 causes the acrosome to release enzymes (esterases, acrosoin and neuraminidases) which facilitate a single sperm to perforate the zona pellucida
35
True or False: the acrosome enzymes are enough to facilitate the sperm's penetration of the ZP.
FALSE
36
What is the zona reaction?
when a sperm penetrates the zona pellucida, the zona reaction changes the zona pellucida so that it becomes impermeable to other sperm
37
Describe the hyperactivation reaction.
A sperm in close proximity to a secondary oocyte becomes hyperactivated due to an influx of calcium ions into the sperm's tail via CatSpers channels - this helps the sperm to enter the secondary oocyte
38
What is necessary for the sperm to perforate the barriers that encapsulate the oocyte?
1. hyaluronidases (enzymes) | 2. sperm hyperactivation
39
Describe the infundibulum of the fallopian tube.
- trumpet shaped - displays fimbriae - free end opens into the peritoneal cavity
40
What is the function of fimbriae?
Fimbriae facilitate the capture of the oocyte at ovulation so that it can pass into the lumen of the fallopian tube
41
What is the widest and longest part of the fallopian tube?
the ampulla | - it is 2/3 of the tubes' length and the dilated portion
42
What is the normal site of fertilization?
ampulla
43
What is the constricted portion of the fallopian tube that connects the tube to the uterus?
isthmus *the uterine (intramural) part extends into the uterine wall
44
What are the layers of the fallopian tube from innermost to outermost?
mucosa -> muscularis -> serosa
45
Where are the longitudinal mucosal folds of the fallopian tube most numerous?
ampulla | -folds increase its surface area
46
What cell type is found in the epithelium of the mucosal layer of the fallopian tube?
simple columnar ciliated and non-ciliated lamina propria of loose connective tissue is deep to the epithelium
47
What direction do the wave of cilia sweep the oocyte?
in the direction of the uterus
48
What is the function of non-ciliated peg cells found in the mucosa of fallopian tube?
produce nutrient-rich, protective secretions for oocyte, sperm, or zygote
49
How is the smooth muscle arranged in the muscularis layer of the fallopian tube?
thick layer of circular fibers (inner) | thin layer of longitudinal fibers (outer)
50
How does the muscularis layer of the fallopian tube assist in movement of the oocyte?
produces rhythmic peristaltic waves that facilitate the movement of the oocyte from the infundibulum to the ampulla (towards the uterus)
51
Describe the outer serosa layer of the fallopian tube.
- mesalopinx which invests the uterine tube | - visceral peritoneum (mesothelium and thin layer of LCT)
52
What is the site of implantation of the uterus?
the uterus - it protects and nurtures the developing embryo and fetus during its 9 month gestation
53
What is an ectopic tubal pregnancy?
sometimes the blastocyst implants in the wrong area (not in the uterine wall) most common ectopic pregnancy site: within the ampulla of the fallopian tube least common: within the ovary
54
What are the layers of the uterus from innermost to outermost?
endometrium -> myometrium -> perimetrium
55
Describe the epithelium of the mucosa endometrium of the uterus?
simple columnar with ciliated and non-ciliated (secrete glycoproteins) cells
56
What type of glands are found in the lamina propria/ endometrial stroma of the endometrium?
simple branched tubular glands (uterine glands) - also has fibroblasts, dense irregular collagenous connective tissue
57
What is the functional layer of the endometrium?
stratum functionale - this layer is sloughed off at menstruation
58
What is the name of the stratum functionale in pregnant women?
Decidua -this layer separates from the remainder of the uterus after childbirth
59
What layer of the endometrium remains to repave the functional layer?
stratum basale
60
What artery gives rise to arcuate arteries circumferentially oriented in the middle layer of myometrium?
uterine artery
61
What arteries supply the functional layer?
spiral arteries
62
What arteries supply the basal layer?
straight arteries
63
Describe the smooth muscle layers of the uterine myometrium.
inner longitudinal layer middle circular layer with large blood vessels outer longitudinal layer
64
During pregnancy, the smooth muscle cells of the myometrium undergo ____________ and ___________.
hypertrophy ( increase in size of existing smooth muscle cells) and hyperplasty ( increase in number of smooth muscle cells via mitotic cell division )
65
What does the perimetrium layer of the uterus consist of?
serosa (mesothelium and loose connective tissue) OR adventitia (connective tissue which attaches to surrounding structures)
66
What type of cell is the lining of the cervix?
simple columnar epithelium (mucous secreting)
67
What cell type is found at the vaginal part (ectocervix) of the cervix?
stratified squamous nonkeratinizing epithelium
68
What does the majority of the cervix consist of?
85% tough fibrous dense collagenous tissue elastic fibers some smooth muscle muscle fibers
69
What are the cervical glands? what happens when they are obstructed?
- branched mucous glands | - Nabothian cysts result from secretions obstructing the ducts of the cervical glands
70
What is the endocervical canal?
junction between the endocervical epithelium and vaginal epithelium
71
At midcycle, there is a/an ___________ in mucus production by the cervical glands.
- increase in mucus production by 10X | - the mucus is less viscous easing sperm migration
72
Describe an abnormal and normal cervical smear.
Normal: pycnotic nuclei, abundant cytoplasm, RBC, PMNs Abnormal: large nuclei, little cytoplasm, PMNs
73
What days are the menstrual phase?
1-4
74
What days are the proliferative/follicular/estrogenic phase?
5-14
75
What days are the secretory/luteal/progestational phase?
15-28
76
What are the main actions of each three phases?
menstrual: menstrual flow proliferative: follicle maturation in preparation for ovulation of oocyte secretory: formation of the corpus luteum
77
What happens during the menstrual phase?
- the CL stops functioning and estrogen and PG levels decline - smooth muscle in the wall of spiral arteries contracts and blood flow to the functional layer decreases --> ischemia and necrosis - blood vessels break off and functional layer of the endometrium sloughs off --> menstrual flow
78
What happens during the proliferative phase?
- estrogen stimulates proliferation of epithelium, glands, and vessels - spiral arteries grow into the repaved endometrial stroma
79
What happens during the secretory phase?
- PG stimulates glands to synthesize and release glycoproteins - glands become coiled - spiral arteries grow into the functional layer of endometrium
80
What is a uterine leiomyoma or "fibroid"?
benign neoplasm of smooth muscle origin
81
Describe the morphology of a uterine leiomyoma.
well circumscribed, usually spherical, firm, gray-white tumor - whorled appearance when sectioned
82
Where is an intramural leiomyoma located? submucosal? subserosal?
intramural: embedded within the myometrium * most common submucosal: deep to the uterine mucosa, bulging into uterine cavity subserosal: deep to the serosa
83
What are some of the negative symptoms of large and/or multiple leiomyomas? (small are usually asymptomatic)
- abnormally heavy menstrual periods - urinary frequency due to compressed urinary bladder - impaired fertility - increased chance of spontaneous abortion during pregnancy and postpartum hemorrhage - 1% become malignant leiomyosarcomas
84
What cell type is found in the epithelium of the vagina?
stratified squamous nonkeratinizing epithelium
85
Describe the lamina propria of the vagina mucosa.
abundant elastic fibers, loose fibroelastic CT, lymphocytes and neutrophils NO GLANDS in its wall
86
Describe the muscular layer of the vagina.
- thin inner layer with circular smooth muscle fibers | - thick outer layer with longitudinal fibers that are continuous with the corresponding uterine layer
87
Describe the adventitia of the vagina.
DCT, thick elastic fibers, venous plexus, and nerve bundles
88
What are the three layers of the vagina? (inner to outer)
mucosa -> muscular -> adventitia
89
What type of glands are mammary glands?
compound tubuloalveolar glands

Cell Bio Exam 4 (10 decks)

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