Neoplasia

Question 1

Define neoplasia.

Answer 1

new abnormal growth

Question 2

Define cancer.

Answer 2

malignant neoplasms

Question 3

Define oncology.

Answer 3

study of tumors

Question 4

What suffix do benign tumors use?

Answer 4

cell of origin – oma

Question 5

Define fibroma.

Answer 5

benign tumor that is fibrous or developed CT

Question 6

Define chondroma.

Answer 6

benign growth of hyaline cartilage.

Question 7

Define adenoma.

Answer 7

epithelial cell benign tumor; epithelial cells form a glandular structure or are derived from glandular tissue

Question 8

Define hemangioma.

Answer 8

benign tumor of newly formed blood vessels

Question 9

Define lymphoma.

Answer 9

benign tumor of lymphoid tissue

Question 10

Define papilloma.

Answer 10

benign epithelial tumor of the skin or mucous membrane possessing finger-like projections

Question 11

Define polyp.

Answer 11

benign protrusion from a mucous membrane

Question 12

What does ‘sarcoma’ indicate?

Answer 12

malignant tumors that arise from derivatives of mesenchymal tissue (fibrosarcoma and chondrosarcoma)

Question 13

What does ‘carcinoma’ indicate?

Answer 13

malignant tumors derived from epithelial cells (adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma)

Question 14

Are mesotheliomas and melanomas malignant or benign?

Answer 14

Malignant

- they do not follow the naming rules

Question 15

How are mixed tumors formed? example?

Answer 15

• occurs due to divergent differentiation (clonal cell tumor went in two different pathways)
  EX: mixed (pleomorphic) tumor of the parotid gland. epithelial cells form ducts. connective tissue stoma resembling cartilage.

Question 16

What is the name for a tumor derived from more than one germ layer?

Answer 16

teratoma

• more than one tissue type may be found in the tumor (teeth, nerve, muscle, epithelium, etc.)

Question 17

Define differentiation in terms of tumor cells.

Answer 17

An assessment to which tumor cells resemble comparable normal cells, both structurally and functionally.

Question 18

Define anaplasia.

Answer 18

State where tumor cells lack differentiation.

Question 19

Define pleomorphism.

Answer 19

Cells and nuclei are variable in size and shape.

Question 20

What would be an example of abnormal nuclear structure?

Answer 20

• Nuclei contain an abundance of DNA and are hyperchromatic

- nuclei are also larger than normal with large nucleoli

Question 21

What type of mitoses are found in a malignant neoplasm?

Answer 21

• large numbers of mitoses

- mitotic spindles are unusual and may be tri- quad- or multi-polar

Question 22

Almost all ______ tumors grow slowly and are confined to their site of origin.

Answer 22

benign

Question 23

Which tumor, benign or malignant, usually develops a capsule?

Answer 23

benign

• malignant tumors usually lack a capsule though slow growing malignant tumors may develop one

Question 24

What are four ways tumor cells can metastasize or spread?

Answer 24

1. Direct seeding of cavities or surfaces
2. Lymphatic spread
3. Hematogenous
4. Perineural invasion and spread

Question 25

Has "carcinoma in situ" metastasized?

Answer 25

No, still confined to the epithelium

Question 26

Which cancers are most likely to spread via the peritoneal cavity?

Answer 26

colon cancer and ovarian cancer

Question 27

What body cavities are used for direct seeding?

Answer 27

- peritoneal cavity - pleural cavity - pericardial cavity - subarachnoid space - joint cavity

Question 28

What type of metastasis is common in breast cancers?

Answer 28

lymphatic spread

Question 29

Which organs are most commonly affected by hematogenous metastasis?

Answer 29

liver and lungs

Question 30

Describe perineural invasion.

Answer 30

- cancer cells invade and spread in the CT space around a nerve - pain generation

Question 31

Which cancers are commonly associated with perinerual invasion?

Answer 31

Head and Neck, Prostate, and Pancreas cancers - associated with a poorer prognosis

Question 32

Benign or Malignant: well differentiated; structure may be typical of tissue of origin

Answer 32

Benign

Question 33

Benign or Malignant: some lack of differentiation with anaplasia; structure is often atypical

Answer 33

Malignant

Question 34

Benign or Malignant: usually progressive and slow rate of growth

Answer 34

Benign

Question 35

Benign or Malignant: erratic and may be slow to rapid rate of growth; mitotic figures may be numerous and abnormal

Answer 35

Malignant

Question 36

Benign or Malignant: usually cohesive and expansile, well-demarcated masses that do not invade or infiltrate the surrounding normal tissues

Answer 36

Benign

Question 37

Benign or Malignant: locally invasive, infiltrating the surrounding normal tissues; sometimes may seem cohesive and expansile but with microscopic invasion

Answer 37

Malignant

Question 38

Benign or Malignant: no metastasis

Answer 38

Benign

Question 39

Benign or Malignant: often metastasis; the larger and less differentiated the primary, the more likely the metastases

Answer 39

Malignant

Question 40

What cancers are not included in the incidence ratings and why?

Answer 40

basal and squamous cell cancers - skin cancer would be #1 in incidence if all the skin cancers were lumped together

Question 41

What is the top cancer incidence in men? women?

Answer 41

prostate/ breast | - both are glandular

Question 42

What is the #2 cancer incidence in men and women?

Answer 42

lung

Question 43

What is the #3 cancer incidence in men and women?

Answer 43

colorectal

Question 44

What is the #1 cancer mortality in men and women?

Answer 44

lung

Question 45

What is the #2 cancer mortality in men? women?

Answer 45

prostate/ breast | - both are glandular

Question 46

What is the #3 cancer mortality in men and women?

Answer 46

colorectal

Question 47

Where does prostate adenocarcinoma usually occur?

Answer 47

in 70% of cases, the adenocarcinoma arises in the peripheral zone of the prostate gland; usually in the posterior location

Question 48

What does a prostate adenocarcinoma look like histologically?

Answer 48

malignant glands are crowded and the cytoplasm of the malignant cells is darkly stained

Question 49

What might you see in the blood of someone with prostate cancer?

Answer 49

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and prostate serum acid phosphatae (PSAP) are serum markers of prostate cancer

Question 50

When are cancer suppressor genes lost? p53 mutations?

Answer 50

- cancer suppressor genes are lost early in carcinogenesis | - p53 mutations occur late in the course of the disease

Question 51

What is necessary for metastasis?

Answer 51

loss of e-cadherin (a cell adhesion molecule that helps create an intracellular junction)

Question 52

Where do prostate cancers spread and how?

Answer 52

hematogenous spread to the vertebral column

Question 53

Where are 50% of breast cancers found?

Answer 53

upper lateral quadrant * almost all breast cancers are adenocarcinomas

Question 54

What are the two categories of breast cancers?

Answer 54

carcinoma in situ and invasive carcinoma

Question 55

What percentage of breast cancers express estrogen receptors?

Answer 55

70-80% some cancer cells overexpress human epidermal growth factor receptors (HER2)

Question 56

If a cell appears singly or as loose cell clusters, what might the cancer cell be lacking?

Answer 56

E-cadherin

Question 57

Mutations of BRCA 1 or 2 occurs in what disease?

Answer 57

25% of familial breast cancers

Question 58

From what structure do most lung cancers originate?

Answer 58

75% of lung cancers originate from the primary, secondary, or tertiary bronchi - the bronchial epithelium transforms to cancerous cells

Question 59

What are the four main categories of lung cancer?

Answer 59

1. squamous cell carcinoma (men + smoking) 2. adenocarcinoma (women + non-smoking) 3. small cell carcinoma HIGHLY MALIGNANT (smoking) 4. large cell carcinoma

Question 60

What are the two architectures of colorectal cancer and which is more likely to be malignant?

Answer 60

pedunculated or sessile * sessile has greater malignant potential

Question 61

True or False: Right-sided colorectal cancer is more common.

Answer 61

FALSE left-sided because descending 18% + sigmoid/rectal 35% > cecum and ascending 38%

Question 62

What does "T M N" refer to in colorectal tumor staging?

Answer 62

T- tumor N- lymph M- metastases

Question 63

What does a T3 staging level signify?

Answer 63

tumor has completely penetrated the colon wall ``` Tis = mucosa T1 = submucosa T2= into wall ```