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Cell Bio Exam 4 > Neoplasia > Flashcards

Neoplasia Flashcards

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1
Q

Define neoplasia.

A

new abnormal growth

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2
Q

Define cancer.

A

malignant neoplasms

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3
Q

Define oncology.

A

study of tumors

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4
Q

What suffix do benign tumors use?

A

cell of origin – oma

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5
Q

Define fibroma.

A

benign tumor that is fibrous or developed CT

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6
Q

Define chondroma.

A

benign growth of hyaline cartilage.

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7
Q

Define adenoma.

A

epithelial cell benign tumor; epithelial cells form a glandular structure or are derived from glandular tissue

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8
Q

Define hemangioma.

A

benign tumor of newly formed blood vessels

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9
Q

Define lymphoma.

A

benign tumor of lymphoid tissue

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10
Q

Define papilloma.

A

benign epithelial tumor of the skin or mucous membrane possessing finger-like projections

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11
Q

Define polyp.

A

benign protrusion from a mucous membrane

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12
Q

What does ‘sarcoma’ indicate?

A

malignant tumors that arise from derivatives of mesenchymal tissue (fibrosarcoma and chondrosarcoma)

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13
Q

What does ‘carcinoma’ indicate?

A

malignant tumors derived from epithelial cells (adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma)

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14
Q

Are mesotheliomas and melanomas malignant or benign?

A

Malignant

- they do not follow the naming rules

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15
Q

How are mixed tumors formed? example?

A
  • occurs due to divergent differentiation (clonal cell tumor went in two different pathways)
    EX: mixed (pleomorphic) tumor of the parotid gland. epithelial cells form ducts. connective tissue stoma resembling cartilage.
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16
Q

What is the name for a tumor derived from more than one germ layer?

A

teratoma

  • more than one tissue type may be found in the tumor (teeth, nerve, muscle, epithelium, etc.)
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17
Q

Define differentiation in terms of tumor cells.

A

An assessment to which tumor cells resemble comparable normal cells, both structurally and functionally.

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18
Q

Define anaplasia.

A

State where tumor cells lack differentiation.

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19
Q

Define pleomorphism.

A

Cells and nuclei are variable in size and shape.

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20
Q

What would be an example of abnormal nuclear structure?

A
  • Nuclei contain an abundance of DNA and are hyperchromatic

- nuclei are also larger than normal with large nucleoli

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21
Q

What type of mitoses are found in a malignant neoplasm?

A
  • large numbers of mitoses

- mitotic spindles are unusual and may be tri- quad- or multi-polar

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22
Q

Almost all ______ tumors grow slowly and are confined to their site of origin.

A

benign

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23
Q

Which tumor, benign or malignant, usually develops a capsule?

A

benign

  • malignant tumors usually lack a capsule though slow growing malignant tumors may develop one
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24
Q

What are four ways tumor cells can metastasize or spread?

A
  1. Direct seeding of cavities or surfaces
  2. Lymphatic spread
  3. Hematogenous
  4. Perineural invasion and spread
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25
Q

Has “carcinoma in situ” metastasized?

A

No, still confined to the epithelium

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26
Q

Which cancers are most likely to spread via the peritoneal cavity?

A

colon cancer and ovarian cancer

27
Q

What body cavities are used for direct seeding?

A
  • peritoneal cavity
  • pleural cavity
  • pericardial cavity
  • subarachnoid space
  • joint cavity
28
Q

What type of metastasis is common in breast cancers?

A

lymphatic spread

29
Q

Which organs are most commonly affected by hematogenous metastasis?

A

liver and lungs

30
Q

Describe perineural invasion.

A
  • cancer cells invade and spread in the CT space around a nerve
  • pain generation
31
Q

Which cancers are commonly associated with perinerual invasion?

A

Head and Neck, Prostate, and Pancreas cancers

  • associated with a poorer prognosis
32
Q

Benign or Malignant: well differentiated; structure may be typical of tissue of origin

A

Benign

33
Q

Benign or Malignant: some lack of differentiation with anaplasia; structure is often atypical

A

Malignant

34
Q

Benign or Malignant: usually progressive and slow rate of growth

A

Benign

35
Q

Benign or Malignant: erratic and may be slow to rapid rate of growth; mitotic figures may be numerous and abnormal

A

Malignant

36
Q

Benign or Malignant: usually cohesive and expansile, well-demarcated masses that do not invade or infiltrate the surrounding normal tissues

A

Benign

37
Q

Benign or Malignant: locally invasive, infiltrating the surrounding normal tissues; sometimes may seem cohesive and expansile but with microscopic invasion

A

Malignant

38
Q

Benign or Malignant: no metastasis

A

Benign

39
Q

Benign or Malignant: often metastasis; the larger and less differentiated the primary, the more likely the metastases

A

Malignant

40
Q

What cancers are not included in the incidence ratings and why?

A

basal and squamous cell cancers

  • skin cancer would be #1 in incidence if all the skin cancers were lumped together
41
Q

What is the top cancer incidence in men? women?

A

prostate/ breast

- both are glandular

42
Q

What is the #2 cancer incidence in men and women?

A

lung

43
Q

What is the #3 cancer incidence in men and women?

A

colorectal

44
Q

What is the #1 cancer mortality in men and women?

A

lung

45
Q

What is the #2 cancer mortality in men? women?

A

prostate/ breast

- both are glandular

46
Q

What is the #3 cancer mortality in men and women?

A

colorectal

47
Q

Where does prostate adenocarcinoma usually occur?

A

in 70% of cases, the adenocarcinoma arises in the peripheral zone of the prostate gland; usually in the posterior location

48
Q

What does a prostate adenocarcinoma look like histologically?

A

malignant glands are crowded and the cytoplasm of the malignant cells is darkly stained

49
Q

What might you see in the blood of someone with prostate cancer?

A

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and prostate serum acid phosphatae (PSAP) are serum markers of prostate cancer

50
Q

When are cancer suppressor genes lost? p53 mutations?

A
  • cancer suppressor genes are lost early in carcinogenesis

- p53 mutations occur late in the course of the disease

51
Q

What is necessary for metastasis?

A

loss of e-cadherin (a cell adhesion molecule that helps create an intracellular junction)

52
Q

Where do prostate cancers spread and how?

A

hematogenous spread to the vertebral column

53
Q

Where are 50% of breast cancers found?

A

upper lateral quadrant

  • almost all breast cancers are adenocarcinomas
54
Q

What are the two categories of breast cancers?

A

carcinoma in situ and invasive carcinoma

55
Q

What percentage of breast cancers express estrogen receptors?

A

70-80%

some cancer cells overexpress human epidermal growth factor receptors (HER2)

56
Q

If a cell appears singly or as loose cell clusters, what might the cancer cell be lacking?

A

E-cadherin

57
Q

Mutations of BRCA 1 or 2 occurs in what disease?

A

25% of familial breast cancers

58
Q

From what structure do most lung cancers originate?

A

75% of lung cancers originate from the primary, secondary, or tertiary bronchi

  • the bronchial epithelium transforms to cancerous cells
59
Q

What are the four main categories of lung cancer?

A
  1. squamous cell carcinoma (men + smoking)
  2. adenocarcinoma (women + non-smoking)
  3. small cell carcinoma HIGHLY MALIGNANT (smoking)
  4. large cell carcinoma
60
Q

What are the two architectures of colorectal cancer and which is more likely to be malignant?

A

pedunculated or sessile

  • sessile has greater malignant potential
61
Q

True or False: Right-sided colorectal cancer is more common.

A

FALSE

left-sided because descending 18% + sigmoid/rectal 35% > cecum and ascending 38%

62
Q

What does “T M N” refer to in colorectal tumor staging?

A

T- tumor
N- lymph
M- metastases

63
Q

What does a T3 staging level signify?

A

tumor has completely penetrated the colon wall

Tis = mucosa
T1 = submucosa
T2= into wall

Cell Bio Exam 4 (10 decks)

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