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Cell Bio Exam 4 > Female Reproductive I > Flashcards

Female Reproductive I Flashcards

1
Q

What organs are found in the female reproductive system?

A 
paired ovaries
uterine/fallopian tubes
uterus
vagina
external genitalia
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2
Q

Briefly describe the hormonal pathway that leads to the synthesis and release of FSH and LH.

A
  1. neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus synthesize and secrete gonadotropin releasing hormone (Gn-RH)
  2. gonadotropes in the anterior pituitary gland are influenced by Gn-RH to synthesize and release FSH and LH
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3
Q

What produces estrogen and progesterone (PG)?

A

the granulosa cells surrounding a maturing oocyte

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4
Q

What is the function of FSH?

A

stimulates the maturation of an ovarian follicle and prepares the enclosed oocyte for ovulation

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5
Q

What stimulates ovulation?

A

The LH spike at midcycle stimulates ovulation

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6
Q

Define ovulation.

A

the release of an oocyte from the ovary

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7
Q

What is the corpus luteum and from what is it formed?

A
  • a temporary endocrine gland

- granulosa cells that remain embedded in the ovarian cortex

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8
Q

What causes the drop in estrogen and PG levels that causes the endometrium to shed?

A
  • degeneration of the corpus luteum of menstruation after 14 days into the corpus albicans
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9
Q

What maintains the corpus luteum if pregnancy occurs?

A

hCG released by syncytiotrophoblast of the chorion

  • the corpus luteum of pregnancy will continue to produce estrogen and PG to maintain the endometrium and pregnancy
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10
Q

Describe the epithelium of the ovary.

A

simple squamous or cuboidal epithelium

*70% ovarian cancers arise from this epithelium

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11
Q

What is the dense irregular collagenous CT around the ovary?

A

Tunica albuginea

-protective function

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12
Q

In what area of the ovary do eggs mature?

A

in the cortical region

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13
Q

Describe the cortical region of the ovary.

A
  • connective tissue stroma with smooth muscle fibers and many ovarian follicles
  • compact
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14
Q

What part of the ovary is described as a spongy stroma of loose connective tissue and numerous blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves?

A

Medullary region

- this is the “core” of the ovary

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15
Q

What three things does the ovary produce?

A
  • eggs
  • estrogen
  • progesterone
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16
Q

True or False: The ovarian surface is dimpled prior to puberty. It becomes smooth in reproductive years due to the diminishing number of eggs.

A

FALSE

Ovarian surface is smooth prior to puberty. It becomes dimpled in reproductive years due to the tiny scars that form after each ovulation.

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17
Q

Define oogenesis.

A

Process by which mature ova are produced

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18
Q

True or False: Female infants are born with all the immature oocytes she will ever have.

A

TRUE

  • At birth, ovaries contain 700k immature oocytes.
  • Thousands undergo atresia and by first period there are about 200k
  • Oocytes are stored in the ovaries throughout the woman’s reproductive years
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19
Q

When does one oocyte begin to be released from the ovary each month?

A

One year after menarchy (first period)

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20
Q

How many chromosomes are in a haploid cell? diploid cell?

A

haploid (n) =23 chromosomes

diploid (2n) = 46 chromosomes

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21
Q

Sex cells are ______ and contain __ chromosomes. Somatic cells are _______ and contain __ chromosomes.

A
  • sex cells= gametes= egg/sperm are haploid and contain 23 chromosomes
  • somatic cells are diploid and contain 46 chromosomes
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22
Q

Define 1d.

A

amount of DNA in 23 single chromatid chromosomes

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23
Q

How would one arrive at a DNA content of 2d?

A

23 double chromatid chromosomes OR amount of DNA in 46 single chromatid chromosomes

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24
Q

What is the amount of DNA in 46 double chromatid chromosomes?

A

4d

bonus: what would be an example of a cell with 4d?

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25
True or False: meiosis occurs in all cells.
FALSE Meiosis is a reduction division which occurs only in germ cells- not somatic cells
26
What do the 2 sequential meiotic cell divisions of oogenesis produce?
A single mature ovum and 3 polar bodies
27
When do chromosomes in primordial germ cells prenatally duplicate?
Prior to Meiosis I, they duplicate during the S phase of interphase to form 2n-4d chromosomes
28
When does meiosis I begin? stop? begin again?
- Prenatally - Prophase stage - Prior to ovulation of an oocyte
29
When is a primordial germ cell referred to as a primary oocyte?
once a primordial germ cell enters meiosis I, it is referred to as a primary oocyte
30
What is an oogonia? is it present at birth?
- primordial germ cell that has undergone many mitotic divisions and is located in the ovary (2n-2d) - not yet a primary oocyte - oogonia are NOT present at birth, since they all differentiate into primary oocytes
31
When does oogenesis begin?
3rd- 7th month of gestation
32
At birth, ___________ are the only cells within primordial follicles in the newborn ovarian cortex.
primary oocytes - these cells are suspended in prophase I
33
How long will a primary oocyte remain dormant in prophase I after birth?
12-50 years | - depends on when the follicle around each oocyte matures and the oocyte is ovulated
34
True or False: Prior to ovulation, SEVERAL follicles undergo maturation, but only ONE follicle becomes fully mature and the oocyte is ovulated.
True
35
When does meiosis I resume?
- 12 hrs before the oocyte is released from the ovary | - it completes meiosis I and enters meiosis II and stops at metaphase II (1n-2d)
36
What stage is the oocyte in at ovulation?
``` metaphase II (in a mature Graafian follicle) - released into the uterine tube hovering over the ovary ```
37
What is the cell called at the end of Meiosis I?
secondary oocyte
38
Is there interphase prior to the onset of Meiosis II?
NO
39
When will meiosis II be completed?
Meiosis II will be completed to give rise to a mature ovum (1n-1d) only if the secondary oocyte is fertilized by a sperm - sperm provides a molecular signal for the resumption and completion of meiosis II
40
What happens to the polar bodies formed during meiosis I and II?
they degenerate
41
When does follicular development begin?
puberty | - it continues throughout the reproductive years
42
True or False: Follicle is another term for an ooctye.
FALSE Ovarian follicles consist of an oocyte surrounded by layers of epithelial follicular or granulosa cells
43
Follicles undergo maturation in response to what hormone released by basophils in the anterior pituitary gland?
FSH - usually only one follicle becomes fully mature and the enclosed secondary oocyte is ovulated
44
Which follicle contains a secondary oocyte in metaphase II at ovulation?
Mature (Graffian) follicles - Primordial, primary, and secondary follicles contain a primary oocyte in prophase I
45
Describe 5 characteristics of primordial follicles.
1. contain primary oocytes 2. simple squamous follicle cells with desmosomes and a basal lamina 3. formed prenatally 4. dormant, most immature follicle in ovary 5. present in ovary at birth and until menopause
46
Where does maturation of the oocyte take place?
In the primary follicle
47
What is the function of activin?
Activin is produced by the primary oocyte in primary follicles and it stimulates the stratification of follicle cells
48
Where does the zona pellucida begin to form?
in the primary follicle
49
What is the zona pellucida?
an acellular, gel-like membrane consisting of GAGs and PAS+ glycoproteins secreted by the oocyte
50
Describe the cells of the primary follicle.
simple cuboidal follicle cells
51
When does the formation of avascular stratified cuboidal granulosa cells occur?
in the late primary follicle stage -follicular cells now called granulosa cells, stratification
52
How do granulosa cells communicate?
with gap junctions
53
True or False: Granulosa cells have microvilli. Oocyte has filopodia.
FALSE granulosa-filopdia; oocyte-microvilli - the filopodia and microvilli perforate the zona pellucida and contact one another by gap junctions
54
What encapsulates the follicle?
theca folliculi
55
Describe the theca interna.
- Begins to form in the late primary follicle - cellular, steroid-screting cells with SER, mitochondria and lipid droplets - richly vascularized due to its endocrine functions
56
What does LH stimulate in the theca interna?
LH stimulates cells to produce androgens which are converted into estradiol by granulosa cells
57
What and when do do stratified granulosa cells secrete?
Stratified granulosa cells secret liquor folliculi in the secondary follicle stage
58
Liquor folliculi is composed of what?
plasma transudates, GAGs, protein, proteoglycans, androgens, PG and estrogens
59
Describe the theca interna and externa in the secondary follicle.
Interna: endocrine, well-developed Externa: fibrous collagenous CT with smooth muscle encapsulating follicle
60
When fluid-filled spaces appear among granulosa cells, it is called a ....
Secondary (antral follicle)
61
What is the corona radiata and where is it found?
- single layer of granulosa cells that immediately surround the oocyte - this layer pulls away from the oocyte while their filopodia are still in the zona pellucida--> forms a "radiating crown" - found in mature follicles
62
The membrana granulosa, cumulus oophorus, and corona radiata all consist of ...
granulosa cells
63
What is the mound of granulosa cells containing the oocyte?
cumulus oophorus
64
What are the effects of FSH and estrogens on mature follicles?
FSH: stimulates granulosa cells to convert androgens to estrogens Estrogens: stimulate the proliferation of granulosa cells, causing enlargement of the follicle
65
In which follicle will you see the small antral cavities fused to form a single fluid-filled cavity (antrum) ?
mature follicle
66
What is the effect of LH on the theca interna of the mature follicle?
LH stimulates cells of theca interna to release androgens which in turn are converted to estrogens

Cell Bio Exam 4 (10 decks)

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