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Cell Bio Exam 4 > Female Reproductive I > Flashcards

Female Reproductive I Flashcards

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1
Q

What organs are found in the female reproductive system?

A 
paired ovaries
uterine/fallopian tubes
uterus
vagina
external genitalia
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2
Q

Briefly describe the hormonal pathway that leads to the synthesis and release of FSH and LH.

A
  1. neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus synthesize and secrete gonadotropin releasing hormone (Gn-RH)
  2. gonadotropes in the anterior pituitary gland are influenced by Gn-RH to synthesize and release FSH and LH
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3
Q

What produces estrogen and progesterone (PG)?

A

the granulosa cells surrounding a maturing oocyte

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4
Q

What is the function of FSH?

A

stimulates the maturation of an ovarian follicle and prepares the enclosed oocyte for ovulation

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5
Q

What stimulates ovulation?

A

The LH spike at midcycle stimulates ovulation

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6
Q

Define ovulation.

A

the release of an oocyte from the ovary

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7
Q

What is the corpus luteum and from what is it formed?

A
  • a temporary endocrine gland

- granulosa cells that remain embedded in the ovarian cortex

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8
Q

What causes the drop in estrogen and PG levels that causes the endometrium to shed?

A
  • degeneration of the corpus luteum of menstruation after 14 days into the corpus albicans
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9
Q

What maintains the corpus luteum if pregnancy occurs?

A

hCG released by syncytiotrophoblast of the chorion

  • the corpus luteum of pregnancy will continue to produce estrogen and PG to maintain the endometrium and pregnancy
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10
Q

Describe the epithelium of the ovary.

A

simple squamous or cuboidal epithelium

*70% ovarian cancers arise from this epithelium

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11
Q

What is the dense irregular collagenous CT around the ovary?

A

Tunica albuginea

-protective function

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12
Q

In what area of the ovary do eggs mature?

A

in the cortical region

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13
Q

Describe the cortical region of the ovary.

A
  • connective tissue stroma with smooth muscle fibers and many ovarian follicles
  • compact
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14
Q

What part of the ovary is described as a spongy stroma of loose connective tissue and numerous blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves?

A

Medullary region

- this is the “core” of the ovary

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15
Q

What three things does the ovary produce?

A
  • eggs
  • estrogen
  • progesterone
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16
Q

True or False: The ovarian surface is dimpled prior to puberty. It becomes smooth in reproductive years due to the diminishing number of eggs.

A

FALSE

Ovarian surface is smooth prior to puberty. It becomes dimpled in reproductive years due to the tiny scars that form after each ovulation.

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17
Q

Define oogenesis.

A

Process by which mature ova are produced

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18
Q

True or False: Female infants are born with all the immature oocytes she will ever have.

A

TRUE

  • At birth, ovaries contain 700k immature oocytes.
  • Thousands undergo atresia and by first period there are about 200k
  • Oocytes are stored in the ovaries throughout the woman’s reproductive years
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19
Q

When does one oocyte begin to be released from the ovary each month?

A

One year after menarchy (first period)

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20
Q

How many chromosomes are in a haploid cell? diploid cell?

A

haploid (n) =23 chromosomes

diploid (2n) = 46 chromosomes

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21
Q

Sex cells are ______ and contain __ chromosomes. Somatic cells are _______ and contain __ chromosomes.

A
  • sex cells= gametes= egg/sperm are haploid and contain 23 chromosomes
  • somatic cells are diploid and contain 46 chromosomes
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22
Q

Define 1d.

A

amount of DNA in 23 single chromatid chromosomes

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23
Q

How would one arrive at a DNA content of 2d?

A

23 double chromatid chromosomes OR amount of DNA in 46 single chromatid chromosomes

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24
Q

What is the amount of DNA in 46 double chromatid chromosomes?

A

4d

bonus: what would be an example of a cell with 4d?

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25
Q

True or False: meiosis occurs in all cells.

A

FALSE

Meiosis is a reduction division which occurs only in germ cells- not somatic cells

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26
Q

What do the 2 sequential meiotic cell divisions of oogenesis produce?

A

A single mature ovum and 3 polar bodies

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27
Q

When do chromosomes in primordial germ cells prenatally duplicate?

A

Prior to Meiosis I, they duplicate during the S phase of interphase to form 2n-4d chromosomes

28
Q

When does meiosis I begin? stop? begin again?

A
  • Prenatally
  • Prophase stage
  • Prior to ovulation of an oocyte
29
Q

When is a primordial germ cell referred to as a primary oocyte?

A

once a primordial germ cell enters meiosis I, it is referred to as a primary oocyte

30
Q

What is an oogonia? is it present at birth?

A
  • primordial germ cell that has undergone many mitotic divisions and is located in the ovary (2n-2d)
  • not yet a primary oocyte
  • oogonia are NOT present at birth, since they all differentiate into primary oocytes
31
Q

When does oogenesis begin?

A

3rd- 7th month of gestation

32
Q

At birth, ___________ are the only cells within primordial follicles in the newborn ovarian cortex.

A

primary oocytes

  • these cells are suspended in prophase I
33
Q

How long will a primary oocyte remain dormant in prophase I after birth?

A

12-50 years

- depends on when the follicle around each oocyte matures and the oocyte is ovulated

34
Q

True or False: Prior to ovulation, SEVERAL follicles undergo maturation, but only ONE follicle becomes fully mature and the oocyte is ovulated.

A

True

35
Q

When does meiosis I resume?

A
  • 12 hrs before the oocyte is released from the ovary

- it completes meiosis I and enters meiosis II and stops at metaphase II (1n-2d)

36
Q

What stage is the oocyte in at ovulation?

A 
metaphase II (in a mature Graafian follicle)
- released into the uterine tube hovering over the ovary
37
Q

What is the cell called at the end of Meiosis I?

A

secondary oocyte

38
Q

Is there interphase prior to the onset of Meiosis II?

A

NO

39
Q

When will meiosis II be completed?

A

Meiosis II will be completed to give rise to a mature ovum (1n-1d) only if the secondary oocyte is fertilized by a sperm
- sperm provides a molecular signal for the resumption and completion of meiosis II

40
Q

What happens to the polar bodies formed during meiosis I and II?

A

they degenerate

41
Q

When does follicular development begin?

A

puberty

- it continues throughout the reproductive years

42
Q

True or False: Follicle is another term for an ooctye.

A

FALSE

Ovarian follicles consist of an oocyte surrounded by layers of epithelial follicular or granulosa cells

43
Q

Follicles undergo maturation in response to what hormone released by basophils in the anterior pituitary gland?

A

FSH

  • usually only one follicle becomes fully mature and the enclosed secondary oocyte is ovulated
44
Q

Which follicle contains a secondary oocyte in metaphase II at ovulation?

A

Mature (Graffian) follicles

  • Primordial, primary, and secondary follicles contain a primary oocyte in prophase I
45
Q

Describe 5 characteristics of primordial follicles.

A
  1. contain primary oocytes
  2. simple squamous follicle cells with desmosomes and a basal lamina
  3. formed prenatally
  4. dormant, most immature follicle in ovary
  5. present in ovary at birth and until menopause
46
Q

Where does maturation of the oocyte take place?

A

In the primary follicle

47
Q

What is the function of activin?

A

Activin is produced by the primary oocyte in primary follicles and it stimulates the stratification of follicle cells

48
Q

Where does the zona pellucida begin to form?

A

in the primary follicle

49
Q

What is the zona pellucida?

A

an acellular, gel-like membrane consisting of GAGs and PAS+ glycoproteins secreted by the oocyte

50
Q

Describe the cells of the primary follicle.

A

simple cuboidal follicle cells

51
Q

When does the formation of avascular stratified cuboidal granulosa cells occur?

A

in the late primary follicle stage

-follicular cells now called granulosa cells, stratification

52
Q

How do granulosa cells communicate?

A

with gap junctions

53
Q

True or False: Granulosa cells have microvilli. Oocyte has filopodia.

A

FALSE

granulosa-filopdia; oocyte-microvilli
- the filopodia and microvilli perforate the zona pellucida and contact one another by gap junctions

54
Q

What encapsulates the follicle?

A

theca folliculi

55
Q

Describe the theca interna.

A
  • Begins to form in the late primary follicle
  • cellular, steroid-screting cells with SER, mitochondria and lipid droplets
  • richly vascularized due to its endocrine functions
56
Q

What does LH stimulate in the theca interna?

A

LH stimulates cells to produce androgens which are converted into estradiol by granulosa cells

57
Q

What and when do do stratified granulosa cells secrete?

A

Stratified granulosa cells secret liquor folliculi in the secondary follicle stage

58
Q

Liquor folliculi is composed of what?

A

plasma transudates, GAGs, protein, proteoglycans, androgens, PG and estrogens

59
Q

Describe the theca interna and externa in the secondary follicle.

A

Interna: endocrine, well-developed
Externa: fibrous collagenous CT with smooth muscle encapsulating follicle

60
Q

When fluid-filled spaces appear among granulosa cells, it is called a ….

A

Secondary (antral follicle)

61
Q

What is the corona radiata and where is it found?

A
  • single layer of granulosa cells that immediately surround the oocyte
  • this layer pulls away from the oocyte while their filopodia are still in the zona pellucida–> forms a “radiating crown”
  • found in mature follicles
62
Q

The membrana granulosa, cumulus oophorus, and corona radiata all consist of …

A

granulosa cells

63
Q

What is the mound of granulosa cells containing the oocyte?

A

cumulus oophorus

64
Q

What are the effects of FSH and estrogens on mature follicles?

A

FSH: stimulates granulosa cells to convert androgens to estrogens
Estrogens: stimulate the proliferation of granulosa cells, causing enlargement of the follicle

65
Q

In which follicle will you see the small antral cavities fused to form a single fluid-filled cavity (antrum) ?

A

mature follicle

66
Q

What is the effect of LH on the theca interna of the mature follicle?

A

LH stimulates cells of theca interna to release androgens which in turn are converted to estrogens

Cell Bio Exam 4 (10 decks)

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