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A&P II > URINARY > Flashcards

URINARY Flashcards

1
Q

how much fluid can the bladder hold on average

A

700-800ml

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2
Q

what level of the spine controls the micturition reflex

A

S2,S3

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3
Q

which layer of bladder controls the internal sphincter

A

middle (involuntary controlled)

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4
Q

what is the order of filtrate passing through a nephron
(PDADC)

A

PCT
descending limb
ascending limb
distal convoluted tubule
collecting duct

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5
Q

what is secreted into the filtrate at the DCT

A

K+, H+

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6
Q

in tubular secretion which method of transport utilizes symporters and antiporters?

A

secondary active transport

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7
Q

functions of urinary system

A

excrete waste

REGULATION OF:
blood ions
blood pH
blood volume
blood pressure
blood glucose

maintain blood osmolality

produce hormone

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8
Q

what is contained in the renal hilum of the kidneys

A

renal artery, pelvis, nerves, vein, calyces

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9
Q

the micturition reflex involves what action?

A

involuntary relaxation of internal sphincter

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10
Q

the juxtaglomerular apparatus is made of what cells?

A

macula cells and juxtaglomerular cells

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11
Q

urea is absorbed and recycled predominantly from where

A

collecting duct

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12
Q

blood supply to kidney in order
ASIACAGE

A

aorta
segmental arteries
interlobar
arcuate
cortical radiate
afferent arterioles
glomerular capillaries
efferent arterioles

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13
Q

what are the two types of nephrons
C & J
which is closer to medulla

A

cortical (short loops)

juxtamedullary nephron (deep near medulla) (long loops)

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14
Q

how do our kidneys regulate glomerular filtration

A

GFR is the amount of renal filtrate formed in all renal corpuscles of both kidneys in one minute, must be stable

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15
Q

mechanisms that allow kidney to autoregulate w/o influence (5)

MMNHH

A

myogenic - walls of afferent arteriole stretch due to high BP = reduced GFR

macula densa feedback -arteries constrict or dilate and increase GFR

neuroregulation - SNS firing, decrease in GFR, BP

hormonal regulation - below

homeostatic regulation - RAAS

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16
Q

which hormone increase GFR

A

atrial naturetic peptide ANP

decrease BV/BP

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17
Q

which hormone decreases GFR

A

angiotensin II

vasoconstrictor, decrease BP

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18
Q

what does the Antidiuertic Hormone do

A

increase blood volume/pressure

decrease urine

posterior pit.gland releases it in response to dehydration

vasoconstriction

in late distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct

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19
Q

what does Atrial Natriuertic Peptide do

A

decrease blood volume and pressure

increase GFR

stretching of atria stimulates secretion, increase surface by relaxing capillaries or dilating afferent arteriole

increase Na and water secretions

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20
Q

what does aldosterone do

A

increases BV&BP
stimulates principal cells & aquaporin channels in CT to reabsorb more Na+ and more water to secrete more K+

stimulated by angiotensin II

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21
Q

where is urea recycled and why do we get rid of it

A

collecting duct

to keep the medulla more salty and to retain more water

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22
Q

what is excreted and absorbed at the proximal convoluted tubule

A

excreted: hydrogen, urea, creatinine, ammonium

absorbed: water, sodium, urea, glucose, chlorine, AA, bicarbonate, calcium, magnesium

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23
Q

what is not secreted by PCT

A

glucose

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24
Q

what is dysuria

A

painful urination

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25
Q

what is enuresis

A

involuntary voiding

26
Q

what is secreted in distal convoluted tubules

A

K+, H+

27
Q

what are the different types of transport through cells and between cells

PR & TR

A

paracellular reabsorption - moves the substance between leaky adjacent cells, passive process

transcellular resorption- moves substance through an individual tubule cell

28
Q

what does primary transport do

A

sodium potassium pump - sodium one way - K+ the other

ATP fuels the Na+/K+ pumps

29
Q

what is secondary active transport

A

uses symporters and antiporters

30
Q

what is the renal corpuscle

A

water and all solutes present in the blood are filtered out into capsular space of bowmans capsule

it is made of bowmans capsule and glomerulus

31
Q

what do the macula cells and juxtaglomerular cells do and where are they located

A

macula = ascending loop of henle - monitor blood pressure and flow

juxta = wall of afferent arteriole - regulate blood pressure

they are responsible for AUTOREGULATION OF GFR

32
Q

what are the 3 layers of the detrusor

A

inner longitudinal
middle circular
outer longitudinal

middle circular form an internal urethral sphincter controlled by ANS and under involuntary control and skeletal muscles form an external urethral sphincter under voluntary control

the internal is relaxed when peeing

33
Q

flow of urine through a kidney
NCPMMRUUU

A

nephron
collecting duct
papillary duct
minor calyx
major calyx
renal pelvis
ureter
urinary bladder
urethra

34
Q

what makes the ascending loop of henle different then the other parts of a nephron

A

it is impermeable

35
Q

blood supply to the kidney

ASIACAGE

A

renal artery off abdominal aorta
segmental arteries
interlobar
arcuate
cortical radiate
afferent arterioles
glomerular capillaries
efferent arterioles

36
Q

water % for reabsorption

A

65% Proximal Convoluted Tubule

15% Descending Loop

20% Distal Convoluted Tubule

PCT is most salty area

37
Q

what is secreted in the DCT

A

K+, H+

38
Q

which hormone increases permeability by increasing aquaporin expression in the principle cells at the DCT

A

AntiDiueretic Hormone

AQUAPORINS AND ADH GO TOGETHER

39
Q

3 basic functions of nephrons

A

glomerular filtration
tubular reabsorption
tubular secretion

40
Q

layers of glomerular filtration (3)
F BM P

A

fenestrations - glomerular endothelial cells are very leaky, allows everything but red blood cells to filter through

basement membrane- layer of collagen w holes in it, allows water and small proteins through

podocytes w pedicles - foot like processes that form slits to allow smaller proteins through

41
Q

what are the 3 pressures that effect GFR

A

glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure - PROMOTES

capsular hydrostatic pressure - OPPOSES

blood colloid osmotic pressure - OPPOSES

42
Q

blood pressure pushed solutes out of blood though filtration membrane into the capsule and capsular pressure and blood colloid pressures push back

A
43
Q

what is the GFR

A

the measure of how much renal filtrate is formed in both kidneys in one minute

44
Q

which of the pressures that affect GRF are negative vs positive

A

negative = capsular hydrostatic, blood colloid

positive = glomerular hydrostatic

45
Q

how is GFR regulated

A

itself - renal autoregulation
1. myogenic mechanism
2. macula densa feedback

sympathetic nerves = neural regulation

hormones = hormonal regulation

46
Q

give example of types of molecules that get reabsorbed

A

glucose and amino acids

47
Q

what part of nephron is responsible for the most reabsorption

A

proximal convoluted tubule

48
Q

what is a calyx

A

papillary ducts: receives urine from minor & major calyx and then out the renal pelvis –> out ureters

chmaber of kidney where urine passes

49
Q

what are the transport mechanisms

O & F

A

obligatory - homeostasis
water that follows its solutes

facultative - body working to make it happen
the last 10% of water reabsoption regulated by ADH

50
Q

what is the antidiuretic hormone

A

condition: when dehydrated or a decrease in blood volume

vasoconstrictor
increase BV/BP
stimulates principal cells and aquaporin channels in DCT and CT
increase water reabsorption

51
Q

what does the proximal convoluted tubule secrete

A

H+ - antiporters
NH4+ - antiporters
urea
creatinine

52
Q

loop of henle secretion

A

urea

53
Q

distal convoluted tubule secretions

A

K+ - leakage channels
H+ = H+ pumps

54
Q

layers of bladder internal to external
(MLMA)

A

mucosa
lamina propria
muscularis
adventitia

55
Q

what’s unique about the descending loop of henle

A

permeable to water

56
Q

how does a kidney regulate GFR

A

adjusting blood flow

VxC or VxD of afferent or efferent arterioles

57
Q

where is the parathyroid hormone & aldosterone found

A

distal convoluted tubule

58
Q

where is angiotensin II (foot on hose) and ANP (foot off hose) found

A

afferent arteriole

59
Q

where is the antidiuertic hormone found

A

DCT, CD

60
Q

kidneys = make renin (regulates blood pressure)

liver = angiotensinogen use renin –> AG1

A

lungs = AG1 use ACE –> Ag2

adrenals = Ag2 –> increase aldosterone –> return to kidney

61
Q
A

A&P II (10 decks)

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