URINARY Flashcards
how much fluid can the bladder hold on average
700-800ml
what level of the spine controls the micturition reflex
S2,S3
which layer of bladder controls the internal sphincter
middle (involuntary controlled)
what is the order of filtrate passing through a nephron
(PDADC)
PCT
descending limb
ascending limb
distal convoluted tubule
collecting duct
what is secreted into the filtrate at the DCT
K+, H+
in tubular secretion which method of transport utilizes symporters and antiporters?
secondary active transport
functions of urinary system
excrete waste
REGULATION OF:
blood ions
blood pH
blood volume
blood pressure
blood glucose
maintain blood osmolality
produce hormone
what is contained in the renal hilum of the kidneys
renal artery, pelvis, nerves, vein, calyces
the micturition reflex involves what action?
involuntary relaxation of internal sphincter
the juxtaglomerular apparatus is made of what cells?
macula cells and juxtaglomerular cells
urea is absorbed and recycled predominantly from where
collecting duct
blood supply to kidney in order
ASIACAGE
aorta
segmental arteries
interlobar
arcuate
cortical radiate
afferent arterioles
glomerular capillaries
efferent arterioles
what are the two types of nephrons
C & J
which is closer to medulla
cortical (short loops)
juxtamedullary nephron (deep near medulla) (long loops)
how do our kidneys regulate glomerular filtration
GFR is the amount of renal filtrate formed in all renal corpuscles of both kidneys in one minute, must be stable
mechanisms that allow kidney to autoregulate w/o influence (5)
MMNHH
myogenic - walls of afferent arteriole stretch due to high BP = reduced GFR
macula densa feedback -arteries constrict or dilate and increase GFR
neuroregulation - SNS firing, decrease in GFR, BP
hormonal regulation - below
homeostatic regulation - RAAS
which hormone increase GFR
atrial naturetic peptide ANP
decrease BV/BP
which hormone decreases GFR
angiotensin II
vasoconstrictor, decrease BP
what does the Antidiuertic Hormone do
increase blood volume/pressure
decrease urine
posterior pit.gland releases it in response to dehydration
vasoconstriction
in late distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct
what does Atrial Natriuertic Peptide do
decrease blood volume and pressure
increase GFR
stretching of atria stimulates secretion, increase surface by relaxing capillaries or dilating afferent arteriole
increase Na and water secretions
what does aldosterone do
increases BV&BP
stimulates principal cells & aquaporin channels in CT to reabsorb more Na+ and more water to secrete more K+
stimulated by angiotensin II
where is urea recycled and why do we get rid of it
collecting duct
to keep the medulla more salty and to retain more water
what is excreted and absorbed at the proximal convoluted tubule
excreted: hydrogen, urea, creatinine, ammonium
absorbed: water, sodium, urea, glucose, chlorine, AA, bicarbonate, calcium, magnesium
what is not secreted by PCT
glucose
what is dysuria
painful urination
what is enuresis
involuntary voiding
what is secreted in distal convoluted tubules
K+, H+
what are the different types of transport through cells and between cells
PR & TR
paracellular reabsorption - moves the substance between leaky adjacent cells, passive process
transcellular resorption- moves substance through an individual tubule cell
what does primary transport do
sodium potassium pump - sodium one way - K+ the other
ATP fuels the Na+/K+ pumps
what is secondary active transport
uses symporters and antiporters
what is the renal corpuscle
water and all solutes present in the blood are filtered out into capsular space of bowmans capsule
it is made of bowmans capsule and glomerulus
what do the macula cells and juxtaglomerular cells do and where are they located
macula = ascending loop of henle - monitor blood pressure and flow
juxta = wall of afferent arteriole - regulate blood pressure
they are responsible for AUTOREGULATION OF GFR
what are the 3 layers of the detrusor
inner longitudinal
middle circular
outer longitudinal
middle circular form an internal urethral sphincter controlled by ANS and under involuntary control and skeletal muscles form an external urethral sphincter under voluntary control
the internal is relaxed when peeing
flow of urine through a kidney
NCPMMRUUU
nephron
collecting duct
papillary duct
minor calyx
major calyx
renal pelvis
ureter
urinary bladder
urethra
what makes the ascending loop of henle different then the other parts of a nephron
it is impermeable
blood supply to the kidney
ASIACAGE
renal artery off abdominal aorta
segmental arteries
interlobar
arcuate
cortical radiate
afferent arterioles
glomerular capillaries
efferent arterioles
water % for reabsorption
65% Proximal Convoluted Tubule
15% Descending Loop
20% Distal Convoluted Tubule
PCT is most salty area
what is secreted in the DCT
K+, H+
which hormone increases permeability by increasing aquaporin expression in the principle cells at the DCT
AntiDiueretic Hormone
AQUAPORINS AND ADH GO TOGETHER
3 basic functions of nephrons
glomerular filtration
tubular reabsorption
tubular secretion
layers of glomerular filtration (3)
F BM P
fenestrations - glomerular endothelial cells are very leaky, allows everything but red blood cells to filter through
basement membrane- layer of collagen w holes in it, allows water and small proteins through
podocytes w pedicles - foot like processes that form slits to allow smaller proteins through
what are the 3 pressures that effect GFR
glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure - PROMOTES
capsular hydrostatic pressure - OPPOSES
blood colloid osmotic pressure - OPPOSES
blood pressure pushed solutes out of blood though filtration membrane into the capsule and capsular pressure and blood colloid pressures push back
what is the GFR
the measure of how much renal filtrate is formed in both kidneys in one minute
which of the pressures that affect GRF are negative vs positive
negative = capsular hydrostatic, blood colloid
positive = glomerular hydrostatic
how is GFR regulated
itself - renal autoregulation
1. myogenic mechanism
2. macula densa feedback
sympathetic nerves = neural regulation
hormones = hormonal regulation
give example of types of molecules that get reabsorbed
glucose and amino acids
what part of nephron is responsible for the most reabsorption
proximal convoluted tubule
what is a calyx
papillary ducts: receives urine from minor & major calyx and then out the renal pelvis –> out ureters
chmaber of kidney where urine passes
what are the transport mechanisms
O & F
obligatory - homeostasis
water that follows its solutes
facultative - body working to make it happen
the last 10% of water reabsoption regulated by ADH
what is the antidiuretic hormone
condition: when dehydrated or a decrease in blood volume
vasoconstrictor
increase BV/BP
stimulates principal cells and aquaporin channels in DCT and CT
increase water reabsorption
what does the proximal convoluted tubule secrete
H+ - antiporters
NH4+ - antiporters
urea
creatinine
loop of henle secretion
urea
distal convoluted tubule secretions
K+ - leakage channels
H+ = H+ pumps
layers of bladder internal to external
(MLMA)
mucosa
lamina propria
muscularis
adventitia
what’s unique about the descending loop of henle
permeable to water
how does a kidney regulate GFR
adjusting blood flow
VxC or VxD of afferent or efferent arterioles
where is the parathyroid hormone & aldosterone found
distal convoluted tubule
where is angiotensin II (foot on hose) and ANP (foot off hose) found
afferent arteriole
where is the antidiuertic hormone found
DCT, CD
kidneys = make renin (regulates blood pressure)
liver = angiotensinogen use renin –> AG1
lungs = AG1 use ACE –> Ag2
adrenals = Ag2 –> increase aldosterone –> return to kidney
