MIDTERM Flashcards
what hormone increases reabsorption of sodium in the kidney
aldosterone
what tubule drains papillary duct
collecting duct
what organ is responsible for storing urine
bladder
what is the portion called that extends between renal pyramids
renal columns
what is the correct route of a cardiac action potential in order
SAAR&LP
SA node
AV node
AV bundle
R & L bundle branches
Purkinje fibres
what is the order of lymph fluid flow
blood capillaries
interstitial spaces
lymphatic capillaries
lymphatic vessels
lymph nodes
trunks
ducts
back into bloodstream
steps of phagocytosis in order
chemotaxis
adherence
ingestion
digestion
death
what do antigen presenting cells do
when they come into contact w a foregin invader, they bind to it
phagocytize, kill pathogen
displauy pathogens flag on its own membrane to tell everyone close its been invaded
what cells specialize into plasma cells
B
most common immunoglobulin that also crosses the placenta
igG
what immunoglobulin is involved w allergic reactions
IgE
what does the right thoracic duct drain
ride side of the head and right upper body
what type of antibody is produced first during adaptive immune response
IgM
what muscles contracts during forced inspiration
SCM,scalenes, pec minor
name the structures that air passes through during inhalation in order
what is the role of type 1 alveolar cells
site of gas exchange
role of type 2 alveolar cells
secrete surfactant
decrease surface area, prevent collapsing
during internal respiration where is gas exchanged
between blood and tissues
what happens during external respiration
gases are exchanged between air and alveoli
components of the renal corpuscle include the
glomerulus and glomerular (bowmans capsule)
what does renin do
coverts angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1
what is angiotensin II and what is its role
hormone released by posterior pituitary
acts to increase water reabsorption through aquaporin channels in DCT and CD
decreases GFR
increase BV BP
what is aldosterone and what does it do
increase BP,BV
increase Na reasorption, H2O
decrease K+
in DCT
what is angiotensin II and whats its role
decrease GFR
increase BV, BP
afferent arteriole
what are the heart wall layers
epicardium
myocardium
endocardium
what is the epicardium
external layer
has 2 layers:
outermost = visceral layer of serous pericardium
inner layer: contains adipose tissue, blood vessels, lymphatics
what is myocardium
middle layer
muscle layer
involuntary controlled
what is endocaridum
inner layer
thin layer of endometrium overlaying a thin layer of CT
smooth lining into chambers of the heart and vessels leaving the heart
where does external respiration take place
alveoli
where does internal respiration take place
the body
what centre in brain is responsible for monitoring respiration
medulla
pons
which muscles do normal breathing
external intercostals
diaphragm
what is boyles law
pressure inside container and volume of container - inversely proportional
which layer of the pericardium has two layers (parietal, visceral)
serous pericardium
what is cardiac output
stroke volume x heart rate per min
volume of blood ejected from L or R ventricles into aorta and pulmonary trunk
coronary arteries
LAC RPM
LEFT coronary artery
ANTERIOR INTERVENTRICULAR branch - both ventricles
CIRCUMFLEX BRANCH - L&R atrium
RIGHT coronary artery
POSTERIOR INTERVENTRICULAR branch - BOTH ventricles & right atrium
MARGINAL branch - right ventricle
what is the first branch off the aorta
coronary arteries
what does the QRS complex associated with
ventricular depolarization
what is the P wave
what is the PQ interval
atrial depolarization
atrial kick fills ventricles
what is the ST segment
what is the T wave
ventricle empties and relax
repolarization of ventricles
where are baroreceptors and chemoreceptors found
carotid and aortic arches
what attaches to the chordae tendineae
papillary muscles
where is trabeculae carnae, chordae tendineae & papillary muscles
right and left ventricles
what is the fossa ovalis
remnants from fetus, hole closes at birth
bypass from right atrium to left atrium
what is ductus arteriosus
in a fetus, shunts blood from pulmonary trunk to aorta , bypasses lungs
where is the pectinate muscle
right atrium
describe pulmonary circulation
blood leave R ventricle –> pulmonary trunk – lungs –> picks up O2, drops off CO2
veins and arteries are named oppositely
describe systemic circulation
leaves L ventricle –> aortic valve to aorta –> body
order of cardiac action potential
SA node
AV node
AV bundles
R& L bundle branches (His)
Purkinje fibres
what ions must always be balanced for optimum heart function
K+, Na+(decrease HR)
, Ca2+ (increase HR)
what centre in the brain controls cardiovascular centre
medulla oblongata
what sound does S1 make
what valves are closing
LUBB
AV valves closing (tri and bi)
what sound does S2 make
what valves are closing
DUBB
closing of semilunar (pulmonary & aortic)
what are the valves of the heart
atrioventricular (TRICUSPID & BICUSPID)
semilunar (AORTIC & PULMONARY)
where do the AV valves move blood
from atria to ventricles w chordae tendinea and papillary muscles
where do SV valves move blood
ventricles to systemic and pulmonary circulations
cardiac action potential - depolarization stage describe
depolarization - stimulates Na+ channels to open, Na+ rushes in becomes less negative = rapid depolarization
cardiac action potential - describe plateau stage
action potential stimulates Ca2+ to open, Ca2+ enters, sacrcoplasmic reticulum releases Ca2+ , some K+ leaves cell
cardiac action potential - describe repolarization
recovery
K+ channels open, K+ flows out of cell restoring negative resting membrane potential
cardiac action potential simplified
Na+ channels open
Na+ rushes into cell
Ca2+ channels open
Ca2+ enters cell
K+ leaves cell
K+ channels open
K+ flows out of cell
flow blood through heart
superior/inferior vena cava
right atrium
right ventricle (tricuspid)
lungs (pulmonary valve)
left atrium (mitral biscupid)
AV valve
left ventricle by aortic valve
aorta
systemic circulation
contraction / depolarization = ?
systole
what is the starling law of the heart
maintains same amount of blood flowing through both systemic and pulmonary
THE AMOUNT OF VOLUME OF BLOOD THAT GOES OUT MUST = AMOUNT THAT COMES IN
what does systolic represent
left ventricular systole
aortic valve open
ventricles contracting
what happens at the start of a ventricular systole
opening of AV valves
what are the tonsils called
pharangeal (adenoid)
palatine
lingual
function of respiratory system
gas exchange and regulate pH
muscles of inspiration
normal
deep
normal - diaphragm, external intercostals
deep - SCM, scalenes, pec minor
muscles of expiration
normal = diaphragm / external intercostals
deep - additional abdominals, internal intercostals
what is eupnea
normal quiet breathing
what % is oxygen in air
21%
what is rule #1
gases always moving high to low
what is boyles law
if volume of gas increases = pressure decreases
INVERSERLY PROPORTIONAL
breathing in - contracts - volume increases
what is daltons law
mixture of gases
behaving according to their own partial pressures
henrys law
gases in fluids
decompression sickness, can of soda
what are the C rings in the trachea made of
hyaline cartilage
pathway of air
CONDUCTING ZONE
nasal cavity
pharynx
larynx
trachea
primary bronchi
secondary segmental bronchi
tertiary bronchi
terminal bronchioles
RESPIRATORY ZONE
respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveolar sacs
alveoli
where does internal respiration take place
blood and systemic capillaries and tissues
where does external respiration take place
between lung alveoli and blood in pulmonary capillaries
what does the upper respiratory tract include
nose
nasal cavity
pharynx
whats in the lower respiratory tract
larynx
trachea
bronchi
lungs
where are the vocal cords ?
larynx
what does high pitch mean
more tension in vocal cords
what causes airway dilation
SNS activation
what is a lacteal
specialized cell for fat absorption
where are the kidneys located
retroperitoneal space
different cavity then the other organs
where is the most red bone marrow in your body
flat bones
shoulder, hip (ilium)
long bones - epiphysis
3 things that activate compliment
antibodies bind to antigens
lipids and carbs on microbes
macrophages release lectins
3 things that result from compliment
increased phagocytosis
histamine release
formation of membrane attack complex
how do cytotoxic t cells and killer cells kill
granzymes
granulosin
perforins
what are the antigen producing cells
macrophages
dendritic
B cells
in lymph nodes, what type of cells live in the inner, outer, medulla
outer - B cells
inner- T cells
medulla - B cells
flow of lymph through a lymph node ASTMEH
afferent
subscapular sinus
trabeculae sinus
medullary sinus
efferent
hilum
lymphatic fluid that contains lipids is called what?
chyle
where are Peyer’s patches
small intestine
they are a type of MALT
What is part of the second line of defense
interferons
complement system
iron binding proteins
antimicrobial proteins
natural killer cells
phagocytes
inflammation
fever
what substances contribute to vasodilation and increased permeability
(VET stages)
histamine
kinins
prostaglandins
leukotrienes
complement system
what in an epitope
small part of antigen molecule that elicits immune response
hapten (does not elicit immune response)
which antibody crosses the placenta and is the most abundant
IgG
which antibody is found in breastmilk, sweat, tears, mucus, GI secretions
IgA
what antibody is found in lymph, blood, appears first, activates compliment system, causes agglutination
IgM
what antibody is found on surface of B cells, activates B cells
IgD
what antibody is found on mast cells and basophils, involved in allergic and hypersensitivity reactions, protects against parasitic worms
IgE
what does the superior and inferior vena cava drain
superior = drains head and neck
inferior - rest of body
what separates the left and right ventricles
interventricular septum
what happens in atrial systole
atria contract
ventricles relax
depolarization of SA node
what happens during ventricular systole
ventricles contract
atria relax
ventricular depolarization
what happens in relaxation period in cardiac cycle
ventricles and atria RELAX
what is cardiac output
STROKE VOLUME X HEART RATE
how is oxygen transported
hemoglobin
4 molecules bind to 4 iron molecules
what cells have MCH1
all except RBC
what cells have MHC2
antigen presenting cells
macrophages
dendritic
B cells
which MHC molecules interact with T helper Cells
MHC2
what interacts with cytotoxic cells
MHC2
macrophages present the antigens where
plasma membrane to T cells
dendritic cells present the antigens where
plasma membrane to T and B cells
what produces sound in vocal cords
air passing through closed vocal cords
where does most gas exchange happen in the body and where does it start
alveoli
respiratory bronchioles
what does the bronchomediastinal drain
lungs, heart, thoracic cavity
what does an epitope do
illicit immune response
what do antibodies do
they DONT kill antigens directly but facilitate their death
neutralize antigen
immobilize bacteria
agglutinationand precipitating agent
activating complement system
enhancing phagocytosis
Agglutination = clumping of particles
