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A&P II > MIDTERM > Flashcards

MIDTERM Flashcards

1
Q

what hormone increases reabsorption of sodium in the kidney

A

aldosterone

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2
Q

what tubule drains papillary duct

A

collecting duct

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3
Q

what organ is responsible for storing urine

A

bladder

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4
Q

what is the portion called that extends between renal pyramids

A

renal columns

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5
Q

what is the correct route of a cardiac action potential in order

SAAR&LP

A

SA node
AV node
AV bundle
R & L bundle branches
Purkinje fibres

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6
Q

what is the order of lymph fluid flow

A

blood capillaries
interstitial spaces
lymphatic capillaries
lymphatic vessels
lymph nodes
trunks
ducts
back into bloodstream

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7
Q

steps of phagocytosis in order

A

chemotaxis
adherence
ingestion
digestion
death

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8
Q

what do antigen presenting cells do

A

when they come into contact w a foregin invader, they bind to it

phagocytize, kill pathogen

displauy pathogens flag on its own membrane to tell everyone close its been invaded

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9
Q

what cells specialize into plasma cells

A

B

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10
Q

most common immunoglobulin that also crosses the placenta

A

igG

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11
Q

what immunoglobulin is involved w allergic reactions

A

IgE

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12
Q

what does the right thoracic duct drain

A

ride side of the head and right upper body

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13
Q

what type of antibody is produced first during adaptive immune response

A

IgM

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14
Q

what muscles contracts during forced inspiration

A

SCM,scalenes, pec minor

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15
Q

name the structures that air passes through during inhalation in order

A
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16
Q

what is the role of type 1 alveolar cells

A

site of gas exchange

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17
Q

role of type 2 alveolar cells

A

secrete surfactant

decrease surface area, prevent collapsing

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18
Q

during internal respiration where is gas exchanged

A

between blood and tissues

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19
Q

what happens during external respiration

A

gases are exchanged between air and alveoli

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20
Q

components of the renal corpuscle include the

A

glomerulus and glomerular (bowmans capsule)

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21
Q

what does renin do

A

coverts angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1

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22
Q

what is angiotensin II and what is its role

A

hormone released by posterior pituitary

acts to increase water reabsorption through aquaporin channels in DCT and CD

decreases GFR
increase BV BP

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23
Q

what is aldosterone and what does it do

A

increase BP,BV

increase Na reasorption, H2O
decrease K+

in DCT

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24
Q

what is angiotensin II and whats its role

A

decrease GFR
increase BV, BP

afferent arteriole

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25
Q

what are the heart wall layers

A

epicardium
myocardium
endocardium

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26
Q

what is the epicardium

A

external layer

has 2 layers:

outermost = visceral layer of serous pericardium

inner layer: contains adipose tissue, blood vessels, lymphatics

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27
Q

what is myocardium

A

middle layer
muscle layer
involuntary controlled

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28
Q

what is endocaridum

A

inner layer

thin layer of endometrium overlaying a thin layer of CT

smooth lining into chambers of the heart and vessels leaving the heart

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29
Q

where does external respiration take place

A

alveoli

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30
Q

where does internal respiration take place

A

the body

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31
Q

what centre in brain is responsible for monitoring respiration

A

medulla
pons

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32
Q

which muscles do normal breathing

A

external intercostals
diaphragm

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33
Q

what is boyles law

A

pressure inside container and volume of container - inversely proportional

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34
Q

which layer of the pericardium has two layers (parietal, visceral)

A

serous pericardium

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35
Q

what is cardiac output

A

stroke volume x heart rate per min

volume of blood ejected from L or R ventricles into aorta and pulmonary trunk

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36
Q

coronary arteries

LAC RPM

A

LEFT coronary artery
ANTERIOR INTERVENTRICULAR branch - both ventricles
CIRCUMFLEX BRANCH - L&R atrium

RIGHT coronary artery
POSTERIOR INTERVENTRICULAR branch - BOTH ventricles & right atrium
MARGINAL branch - right ventricle

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37
Q

what is the first branch off the aorta

A

coronary arteries

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38
Q

what does the QRS complex associated with

A

ventricular depolarization

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39
Q

what is the P wave

what is the PQ interval

A

atrial depolarization

atrial kick fills ventricles

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40
Q

what is the ST segment

what is the T wave

A

ventricle empties and relax

repolarization of ventricles

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41
Q

where are baroreceptors and chemoreceptors found

A

carotid and aortic arches

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42
Q

what attaches to the chordae tendineae

A

papillary muscles

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43
Q

where is trabeculae carnae, chordae tendineae & papillary muscles

A

right and left ventricles

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44
Q

what is the fossa ovalis

A

remnants from fetus, hole closes at birth

bypass from right atrium to left atrium

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45
Q

what is ductus arteriosus

A

in a fetus, shunts blood from pulmonary trunk to aorta , bypasses lungs

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46
Q

where is the pectinate muscle

A

right atrium

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47
Q

describe pulmonary circulation

A

blood leave R ventricle –> pulmonary trunk – lungs –> picks up O2, drops off CO2

veins and arteries are named oppositely

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48
Q

describe systemic circulation

A

leaves L ventricle –> aortic valve to aorta –> body

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49
Q

order of cardiac action potential

A

SA node
AV node
AV bundles
R& L bundle branches (His)
Purkinje fibres

50
Q

what ions must always be balanced for optimum heart function

A

K+, Na+(decrease HR)
, Ca2+ (increase HR)

51
Q

what centre in the brain controls cardiovascular centre

A

medulla oblongata

52
Q

what sound does S1 make

what valves are closing

A

LUBB
AV valves closing (tri and bi)

53
Q

what sound does S2 make

what valves are closing

A

DUBB

closing of semilunar (pulmonary & aortic)

54
Q

what are the valves of the heart

A

atrioventricular (TRICUSPID & BICUSPID)

semilunar (AORTIC & PULMONARY)

55
Q

where do the AV valves move blood

A

from atria to ventricles w chordae tendinea and papillary muscles

56
Q

where do SV valves move blood

A

ventricles to systemic and pulmonary circulations

57
Q

cardiac action potential - depolarization stage describe

A

depolarization - stimulates Na+ channels to open, Na+ rushes in becomes less negative = rapid depolarization

58
Q

cardiac action potential - describe plateau stage

A

action potential stimulates Ca2+ to open, Ca2+ enters, sacrcoplasmic reticulum releases Ca2+ , some K+ leaves cell

59
Q

cardiac action potential - describe repolarization

A

recovery
K+ channels open, K+ flows out of cell restoring negative resting membrane potential

60
Q

cardiac action potential simplified

A

Na+ channels open
Na+ rushes into cell

Ca2+ channels open
Ca2+ enters cell
K+ leaves cell

K+ channels open
K+ flows out of cell

61
Q

flow blood through heart

A

superior/inferior vena cava
right atrium
right ventricle (tricuspid)
lungs (pulmonary valve)
left atrium (mitral biscupid)
AV valve
left ventricle by aortic valve
aorta
systemic circulation

62
Q

contraction / depolarization = ?

A

systole

63
Q

what is the starling law of the heart

A

maintains same amount of blood flowing through both systemic and pulmonary

THE AMOUNT OF VOLUME OF BLOOD THAT GOES OUT MUST = AMOUNT THAT COMES IN

64
Q

what does systolic represent

A

left ventricular systole
aortic valve open
ventricles contracting

65
Q

what happens at the start of a ventricular systole

A

opening of AV valves

66
Q

what are the tonsils called

A

pharangeal (adenoid)
palatine
lingual

67
Q

function of respiratory system

A

gas exchange and regulate pH

68
Q

muscles of inspiration

normal

deep

A

normal - diaphragm, external intercostals

deep - SCM, scalenes, pec minor

69
Q

muscles of expiration

A

normal = diaphragm / external intercostals

deep - additional abdominals, internal intercostals

70
Q

what is eupnea

A

normal quiet breathing

71
Q

what % is oxygen in air

A

21%

72
Q

what is rule #1

A

gases always moving high to low

73
Q

what is boyles law

A

if volume of gas increases = pressure decreases

INVERSERLY PROPORTIONAL

breathing in - contracts - volume increases

74
Q

what is daltons law

A

mixture of gases

behaving according to their own partial pressures

75
Q

henrys law

A

gases in fluids

decompression sickness, can of soda

76
Q

what are the C rings in the trachea made of

A

hyaline cartilage

77
Q

pathway of air

A

CONDUCTING ZONE
nasal cavity
pharynx
larynx
trachea
primary bronchi
secondary segmental bronchi
tertiary bronchi
terminal bronchioles

RESPIRATORY ZONE
respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveolar sacs
alveoli

78
Q

where does internal respiration take place

A

blood and systemic capillaries and tissues

79
Q

where does external respiration take place

A

between lung alveoli and blood in pulmonary capillaries

80
Q

what does the upper respiratory tract include

A

nose
nasal cavity
pharynx

81
Q

whats in the lower respiratory tract

A

larynx
trachea
bronchi
lungs

82
Q

where are the vocal cords ?

A

larynx

83
Q

what does high pitch mean

A

more tension in vocal cords

84
Q

what causes airway dilation

A

SNS activation

85
Q

what is a lacteal

A

specialized cell for fat absorption

86
Q

where are the kidneys located

A

retroperitoneal space

different cavity then the other organs

87
Q

where is the most red bone marrow in your body

A

flat bones

shoulder, hip (ilium)
long bones - epiphysis

88
Q

3 things that activate compliment

A

antibodies bind to antigens
lipids and carbs on microbes
macrophages release lectins

89
Q

3 things that result from compliment

A

increased phagocytosis
histamine release
formation of membrane attack complex

90
Q

how do cytotoxic t cells and killer cells kill

A

granzymes
granulosin
perforins

91
Q

what are the antigen producing cells

A

macrophages
dendritic
B cells

92
Q

in lymph nodes, what type of cells live in the inner, outer, medulla

A

outer - B cells
inner- T cells
medulla - B cells

93
Q

flow of lymph through a lymph node ASTMEH

A

afferent
subscapular sinus
trabeculae sinus
medullary sinus
efferent
hilum

94
Q

lymphatic fluid that contains lipids is called what?

A

chyle

95
Q

where are Peyer’s patches

A

small intestine

they are a type of MALT

96
Q

What is part of the second line of defense

A

interferons
complement system
iron binding proteins
antimicrobial proteins
natural killer cells
phagocytes
inflammation
fever

97
Q

what substances contribute to vasodilation and increased permeability

(VET stages)

A

histamine
kinins
prostaglandins
leukotrienes
complement system

98
Q

what in an epitope

A

small part of antigen molecule that elicits immune response

hapten (does not elicit immune response)

99
Q

which antibody crosses the placenta and is the most abundant

A

IgG

100
Q

which antibody is found in breastmilk, sweat, tears, mucus, GI secretions

A

IgA

101
Q

what antibody is found in lymph, blood, appears first, activates compliment system, causes agglutination

A

IgM

102
Q

what antibody is found on surface of B cells, activates B cells

A

IgD

103
Q

what antibody is found on mast cells and basophils, involved in allergic and hypersensitivity reactions, protects against parasitic worms

A

IgE

104
Q

what does the superior and inferior vena cava drain

A

superior = drains head and neck

inferior - rest of body

105
Q

what separates the left and right ventricles

A

interventricular septum

106
Q

what happens in atrial systole

A

atria contract

ventricles relax

depolarization of SA node

107
Q

what happens during ventricular systole

A

ventricles contract
atria relax

ventricular depolarization

108
Q

what happens in relaxation period in cardiac cycle

A

ventricles and atria RELAX

109
Q

what is cardiac output

A

STROKE VOLUME X HEART RATE

110
Q

how is oxygen transported

A

hemoglobin

4 molecules bind to 4 iron molecules

111
Q

what cells have MCH1

A

all except RBC

112
Q

what cells have MHC2

A

antigen presenting cells

macrophages
dendritic
B cells

113
Q

which MHC molecules interact with T helper Cells

A

MHC2

114
Q

what interacts with cytotoxic cells

A

MHC2

115
Q

macrophages present the antigens where

A

plasma membrane to T cells

116
Q

dendritic cells present the antigens where

A

plasma membrane to T and B cells

117
Q

what produces sound in vocal cords

A

air passing through closed vocal cords

118
Q

where does most gas exchange happen in the body and where does it start

A

alveoli

respiratory bronchioles

119
Q

what does the bronchomediastinal drain

A

lungs, heart, thoracic cavity

120
Q

what does an epitope do

A

illicit immune response

121
Q

what do antibodies do

A

they DONT kill antigens directly but facilitate their death

neutralize antigen
immobilize bacteria
agglutinationand precipitating agent
activating complement system
enhancing phagocytosis

Agglutination = clumping of particles

A&P II (10 decks)

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