FINAL Flashcards

1
Q

layers of heart (3) from outer to inner

A

EPICARIDUM - external layer - outermost (visceral) & inner layer (adipose tissue, blood vessels, lymphatics

MYOCARDIUM - middle, muscle

ENDOCARDIUM - inner, endothelium, smooth lining

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2
Q

what makes heart valves open and close

A

pressure changes

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3
Q

upper two chambers of heart

A

right and left atria

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4
Q

lower chambers of heart

A

right and left ventricles

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5
Q

right atrium has what structures

A

superior vena
inferior vena
coronary sinus

tricuspid valve

interatrial septum
fossa ovalis - remnant of foramen ovale in fetus

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6
Q

where are pectinate mm found

A

atrium

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7
Q

what does superior vena cava drain

A

head and neck

left drains rest of body

coronary sinus drains heart

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8
Q

where is trabeculae carneae

A

right ventricle heart wall

convey electricity

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9
Q

where is cordae tendinea and what does it do

A

tricuspid valve and bicuspid

control valve opening and closing

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10
Q

where are papillary mm’s

A

ventricles

type of trabeculae carneae attached to carnae

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11
Q

What are the pulmonary valves and trunk

A

right ventricle

PULMONARY takes BLOOD AWAY from heart

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12
Q

where does the bicuspid valve deliver blood to

A

left ventricle

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13
Q

blood passes through into coronary arteries first

A

then descending aorta to rest of body

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14
Q

blood flows from ____ pressure to _____ pressure

A

high –> low

valves open and close in response to PRESSURE CHANGE

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15
Q

what are the atrioventricular valves

A

TRICUSPID (right atrium –> right ventricle)

BICUSPID (MITRAL) (left atrium –> left ventricle)

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16
Q

what are the semilunar valves

A

AORTIC (right ventricle)

PULMONARY (left ventricle)

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17
Q

what is pulmonary circulation

A

blood leaving RIGHT VENTRICLE flowing through pulmonary valve into pulmonary trunk into lungs

blood picks up O2 and drops of CO2 into lungs

blood leaves lungs and re enters left ventricle of heart to be pumped out through aortic into systemic circulation

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18
Q

what is systemic circulation

A

blood from left ventricle (AFTER ITS GONE THROUGH PULMONAR CIRCULATION & IS OXYGENATED)

through aorta, aortic arch, descending aorta to the body

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19
Q

coronary cirulation

LAC

A

LEFT CORORNARY ARTERY

anterior interventricular branch (supplies oxygenated blood to both ventricle)

circumflex branch (supplies oxygenated blood to walls of atriums)

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20
Q

coronary circulation

RPM

A

RIGHT CORONARY ARTERY

POSTERIOR INTERVENTRICULAR BRANCH (oxygenated blood to walls of two ventricles)

MARGINAL BRANCH (oxygenated blood to right ventricle)

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21
Q

LAC RPM

A

LEFT CORONARY ARTERY BRANCHES
ANTERIOR INTERVENTRICULAR
CIRCUMFLEX

RIGHT CORONARY ARTERY BRANCHES
POSTERIOR INTERVENTRICULAR
MARGINAL BRANCH

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22
Q

conducting zone (NO GAS EXCHANGE) (8)

A

nose
nasal cavity
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
terminal bronchioles

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23
Q

respiratory zone - GAS EXCHANGE OCCURS (4)

A

respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveolar sacs
alveoli

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24
Q

4 layers of trachea

A

mucosa
submucosa
hyaline cartilage
adventitia

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25
where is the beginning of respiratory zone
respiratory bronchioles
26
what do type I alveolar cells do
gas exchange
27
what do type II alveolar cells do
secrete surfactant - lowers surface tension, prevents collapse
28
alveolar macrophages (dust cells)
phagocytes that remove dust
29
do pulmonary arteries bring deoxygenated blood from body via right heart into lungs for oxygenation
yes
30
normal breathing muscles
diaphragm 75 % of work external intercostals - 25%
31
forced inhalation mm's used
SCM scalenes pec minor
32
forced exhalation mm's used
abdominal internal intercostals
33
Rule #1
high pressure to low pressure
34
Boyle's law
pressure in a closed container w flexible walls is INVERSELY RELATED to its volume pressure goes up volume goes down
35
when mm's contract during inhalation the volume of thoracic cavity does what and the pressure does what
volume INCREASES pressure DECREASES
36
what does surfactant do
limits expansion (inhalation) prevents damage allows for easier reinflation after exhalation PREVENTS COLLAPSE
37
DALTON'S LAW
mixture of gases each gas in mixture has its own pressure
38
henry's law
gases in soluations PROPORTIONAL
39
where does internal respiration take place
gases in bloodstream diffuse into tissues
40
during breathing is the epiglottis open
YES closed during swallowing
41
what do leydig cells do
exist between sperm producing cells make testosterone
42
name the tonsils (3 of them) 5 total
pharyngeal 2 palatine (removed) 2 lingual
43
innate immunity
first and second defence
44
adaptive immunity
cell mediated and antibody mediated
45
first line of defence
skin mucous membranes epidermis hairs cilia fluids in general LYSOZOMES
46
second line of defence
internal antimicrobial cells phagocytes inflammation fever natural killer cells neutrophils macrophages
47
phagocytosis (5 steps)
chemotaxis adherence ingestion digestion death
48
PRISH
PAIN REDNESS IMMOBILITY SWELLING HEAT
49
VET steps
Vasodilation and increased permeability Emigration of phagocytes Tissue repair - proliferation happens
50
Kinins cause pain and affect nerve endings
prostaglandins intensify and prolong pain
51
where do B and T cells originate and mature
B cells - bone marrow T cells - bone marrow and mature in thymus
52
route of lymph fluid in nodes ASTMEH
afferent subscapular sinus trabeculae sinus medullary sinus efferent hilum
53
red pulp
RBCS die platelet storage blood cells produced during fetal life
54
white pulp
B & T cells carry about immune functions pathogens are destroyed
55
how cytotoxic T cells kill stuff
perforins, granzymes, grunulysin poking holes in cell membrane extracellular fluid comes into cell and it bursts (CYTOLYSIS)
56
what type of cell is a plasma cell
B cell makes antibodies
57
what is MALT
mucosa associated lymphatic tissue in lamina propria layer of mucous membrane in the tracts (GI, urinary, reproduction)
58
order of lymph flow
out of bloodstream blood capillaries interstitial space lymph capillaries lymphatic vessels lymph trunks ducts back to bloodstream via internal jugular and subclavian veins
59
what kind of vit deficiency leads to scurvy, hydroproxline
vitamin C
60
what kind of nephron is most common in kidney
cortical
61
what are the 2 G words in the post absorptive state (fasting)
gluconeogenesis glycogenolysis
62
what are the 2 G words in the absorptive state (just ate)
glycogenesis glycolysis
63
metabolic process involving production of glucose from fat and protein
gluconeogenesis
64
micelles help w what?
lipid absorption and intracellular storage
65
chylomicrons help w ?
lipid transport
66
salts from bile that emulsion fat form micelles then what
fats absorbed through lacteals --> modified to chylomicron to be transported
67
what is the myenteric plexus for
mix food mechanical digestion MOTILITY
68
what is the submucosal responsible for
SECRETIONS IN GI TRACT
69
where do most amino acids and glucose gets absorbed
proximal convoluted tubule
70
where does cell mediated immunity take place
w T cells INSIDE THE CELLL INTRACELLULAR PATHOGENS
71
in order for air to rush into the lungs the diaphragm needs to contract which does what?
decreases pressure inside
72
how does electricity travel through the heart
SA node (pacemaker) AV node bundle of His purkinje fibers
73
how does our body absorb fat and what's specialized structures exist for it
LACTEALS take up lipids too large to cross membrane
74
what does the right duct drain
right upper body and head left- everything else
75
specialized lymph w lipids is called ?
chyle
76
what does cisterna chyli do and where does it originate
left thoracic duct collects lymph from lumbar and intestinal trunks
77
antibody that is most abundant, crosses placenta, long term immunity, found in blood
IgG
78
IgA
breast milk saliva mucous
79
antibody found in blood and lymph, APPEARS FIRST, activates complement system
IgM
80
antibody found on surface of B cells, activate B cells
IgD
81
antibody found on mast cells and basophils involved in allergic and hypersensitivity reactions, protects against parasitic worms
IgE
82
what cells have MHC1
plasma membranes of all cells except RBC
83
where are MHC II
antigen presenting cells B cells, macrophages, dendritic cells
84
layers of GI tract
mucosa submucosa muscularis serosa/adventitia
85
greater omentum drapes over the
transverse colon small intestines
86
lesser omentum connects to what
stomach duodenum
87
mesentery binds what
sm intestine binds the jejunum and the ileum of sm intestine largest fold in peritoneum
88
mesocolon
large intestine bind transverse colon and sigmoid colon
89
what is the only organ attached to the abdominal wall
liver by the falciform ligament
90
where are the salivary glands
parotid - cheek submandibular - floor of mouth sublingual - beneath tongue
91
liver receives blood form
hepatic artery - delivers oxygenated blood from general circulation hepatic portal vein - delivers deoxygenated blood w nutrients goes out of liver via hepatic vein back to heart
92
what do chief cells secrete
pepsinogen gastric lipase
93
what do parietal cells produce
hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor
94
what is rugae
large folds in the stomach that allow it to expand
95
what does the pancreas do
secrete glucagon, insulin, gastrin pancreatic juices enzymes
96
what does the gallbladder do
stores bile
97
hepatic portal vein brings nutrient rich blood to where
to liver from sm intestine
98
portal triad
bile duct hepatic artery branch hepatic portal vein branch BLOOD FLOWS AWAY FROM TRIAD
99
what does cholecystokinin do
causes gallbladder to release bile and the pancreas to release digestive enzymes
100
where does most absorption happen
small intestine
101
what are brush border enzymes and what do they do
found in plasma membrane of microvilli digest carbs, proteins, nucleotides
102
conduction vs convection
conduction = heat exchange in direct contact convection = transfer of heat by movement of air or differing temps
103
steps in order in cellular respiration and where they happen
1. glycolysis - cytosol 2. formation of acetyl coenzyme A - mitochondria 3. krebs cycle - mitochondrial matrix 4. electron transport chain - electron transport chain
104
if we dont immediately need ATP or glucose we store it by a process called _____
glycogenesis and then use the stored form in a process called glycogenolysis
105
what is required for entry into krebs cycle
actely coenzyme A
106
3 key molecules of metabolism
acetyl coenzyme A glucose 6 phosphate pyruvic acid
107
what vitamins are water soluble
B, C
108
what vits are fat soluble
K A D E
109
What does the duodenum secrete
CCK
110
what do brush border enzymes do
absorb most nutrients in the digestive tract
111
what is glycogenolysis
the process of taking stored form of glucose and converts it back into a simple glucose molecule to make ATP
112
what structures are in the pharynx in order
nasopharynx oropharynx laryngopharynx
113
what are the folds called in the sm and large intestine
plicae circulares teniae , houstra
114
vit D
regulates calcium, Magnesium, phosphate causes rickets, osteomalacia if deficient
115
B1 deficiency
beri beri
116
B3 deficiency
pallegra
117
B9 deficiency
spina bifida
118
B12 deficiency
anemia
119
what amino acids are non essential AAASG
all A words S word G word no words that start with these letters are in the essential amino acid list
120
fats needed from diet
omega 3,6
121
where is fat stored
adipose tissue and liver
122
what does a paracrine hormone do
act on neighboring cells
123
what are endocrine hormones
circulating hormones
124
what do somatotrophs produce
human growth hormone from ant pituitary gland
125
ant pituitary gland releases
hGh, tsh, fsh, lh, prl, acth, msh
126
what hormone increases GFR
ANP
127
order of filtrate passing through a nephron P D A D CD
PCT DESCEDING LIMB ASCENDING LIMB DCT COLLECTING DUCT
128
what hormone increases permeability by increasing aquaporins
ADH ADH = aquaporins
129
what do juxtaglomerular cells do
sense pressure changes in wall of AFFERENT ARTERIOLE SECRETE RENIN TO START RAAS
130
what do macula densa cells do
sense OSMORALITY outside JGA in ASCENDING LOOP in wall of AFFERENT ARTERIOLE AUTO REGULATION OF GFR
131
what is responsible for autoregulation of kidneys
macula densa cells
132
what does the PCT do
most absorption of amino acids NaCl glucose H2O HCO3
133
what does the PCT secrete
urea H+ NHA creatine
134
ASCENDING LOOP
NOT PERMEABLE ABSORBS NaCl, K
135
where does aldosterone / ADH work
DCT secretes K, H+
136
what does ANP do to GFR
increase DECREASE BP,BV
137
what does angiotensinogen II do
DECREASE GFR INCREASE BP, BV
138
blood supply and flow of kidneys
renal artery segmental arteries interlobar arcuate cortical radiate afferent arterioles
139
Hepatic artery does what
bring o2 rich blood to LIVER from general circulation
140
what does the hepatic portal do
bring nutrient rich blood to LIVER from sm intestine
141
cellular respiration in order
glycolysis pyruvate to AcCoa AcCoa to kreb cycle ETC
142
where does fertilization happen
AMPULLA
143
what two G words are in the fasting state (post absorptive)
glycogenolysis gluconeogenesis
144
essential fats
linoleic omega - 6 alpha linolenic- OMEGA 3
145
blood flowing through heart
tricuspid pulmonary mitral aortic
146
what does CCK do
make gallbladder release bile makes pancreas release digestive enzymes
147
chylomicrons =
lipid transport
148
calcitonin comes from where
parafollicular cells of thyroid
149
aldosterone comes from
adrenal cotrex ZONA GLOMERULOSA
150
where does somatostatin come from
delta cells inhibits glucagon and insulin
151
what comes from pit gland
ADH oxytocin
152
glucagon comes from
alpha cells that INCREASE glucose
153
what does calcitonin do
change level of calcium in blood inhibit OSTEOCLASTS increase calcitonin = decreased osteoclasts = decreased calcium decreased calcitonin = increased calcium
154
PARATHYROID hormone = changes level of calcium in blood
increase PTH = INCREASED calcium decreased PTH = decreased calcium
155
lesser omentum connects what
stomach and duodenum
156
conduction zone ends at
terminal bronchioles
157
layers of uterus
perimetrium --> myometrium --> endometrium
158
route of lymph within lymph node
subscapular sinus trabeculae sinus medullary sinus
159
what type of cell doesnt have MHC 2
T cells
160
what metabolic process involves production of pyruvate from glucose
glycolysis
161
what starts happening in post absorptive state
glycogenolysis
162
an irregular heartbeat could be caused by too much or too little
potassium iodine
163
somatotrophs secretes what
human growth hormone
164
glucagon stimulates what
glycogenolysis
165
thyrotrophs secrete what
thyroid stimulating hormone
166
gonadotrophs stimulate what
FSH and LH
167
pathway of blood through heart
superior vena cava & inferior vena cava right atrium tricuspid right ventricle pulmonary valve pulmonary artery LUNGS = becomes oxygenated O2 blood returns pulmonary vein left atrium mitral valve left ventricle aortic valve aorta body