FINAL Flashcards
layers of heart (3) from outer to inner
EPICARIDUM - external layer - outermost (visceral) & inner layer (adipose tissue, blood vessels, lymphatics
MYOCARDIUM - middle, muscle
ENDOCARDIUM - inner, endothelium, smooth lining
what makes heart valves open and close
pressure changes
upper two chambers of heart
right and left atria
lower chambers of heart
right and left ventricles
right atrium has what structures
superior vena
inferior vena
coronary sinus
tricuspid valve
interatrial septum
fossa ovalis - remnant of foramen ovale in fetus
where are pectinate mm found
atrium
what does superior vena cava drain
head and neck
left drains rest of body
coronary sinus drains heart
where is trabeculae carneae
right ventricle heart wall
convey electricity
where is cordae tendinea and what does it do
tricuspid valve and bicuspid
control valve opening and closing
where are papillary mm’s
ventricles
type of trabeculae carneae attached to carnae
What are the pulmonary valves and trunk
right ventricle
PULMONARY takes BLOOD AWAY from heart
where does the bicuspid valve deliver blood to
left ventricle
blood passes through into coronary arteries first
then descending aorta to rest of body
blood flows from ____ pressure to _____ pressure
high –> low
valves open and close in response to PRESSURE CHANGE
what are the atrioventricular valves
TRICUSPID (right atrium –> right ventricle)
BICUSPID (MITRAL) (left atrium –> left ventricle)
what are the semilunar valves
AORTIC (right ventricle)
PULMONARY (left ventricle)
what is pulmonary circulation
blood leaving RIGHT VENTRICLE flowing through pulmonary valve into pulmonary trunk into lungs
blood picks up O2 and drops of CO2 into lungs
blood leaves lungs and re enters left ventricle of heart to be pumped out through aortic into systemic circulation
what is systemic circulation
blood from left ventricle (AFTER ITS GONE THROUGH PULMONAR CIRCULATION & IS OXYGENATED)
through aorta, aortic arch, descending aorta to the body
coronary cirulation
LAC
LEFT CORORNARY ARTERY
anterior interventricular branch (supplies oxygenated blood to both ventricle)
circumflex branch (supplies oxygenated blood to walls of atriums)
coronary circulation
RPM
RIGHT CORONARY ARTERY
POSTERIOR INTERVENTRICULAR BRANCH (oxygenated blood to walls of two ventricles)
MARGINAL BRANCH (oxygenated blood to right ventricle)
LAC RPM
LEFT CORONARY ARTERY BRANCHES
ANTERIOR INTERVENTRICULAR
CIRCUMFLEX
RIGHT CORONARY ARTERY BRANCHES
POSTERIOR INTERVENTRICULAR
MARGINAL BRANCH
conducting zone (NO GAS EXCHANGE) (8)
nose
nasal cavity
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
terminal bronchioles
respiratory zone - GAS EXCHANGE OCCURS (4)
respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveolar sacs
alveoli
4 layers of trachea
mucosa
submucosa
hyaline cartilage
adventitia
where is the beginning of respiratory zone
respiratory bronchioles
what do type I alveolar cells do
gas exchange
what do type II alveolar cells do
secrete surfactant - lowers surface tension, prevents collapse
alveolar macrophages (dust cells)
phagocytes that remove dust
do pulmonary arteries bring deoxygenated blood from body via right heart into lungs for oxygenation
yes
normal breathing muscles
diaphragm 75 % of work
external intercostals - 25%
forced inhalation mm’s used
SCM
scalenes
pec minor
forced exhalation mm’s used
abdominal
internal intercostals
Rule #1
high pressure to low pressure
Boyle’s law
pressure in a closed container w flexible walls is INVERSELY RELATED to its volume
pressure goes up
volume goes down
when mm’s contract during inhalation the volume of thoracic cavity does what and the pressure does what
volume INCREASES
pressure DECREASES
what does surfactant do
limits expansion (inhalation) prevents damage
allows for easier reinflation after exhalation
PREVENTS COLLAPSE
DALTON’S LAW
mixture of gases
each gas in mixture has its own pressure
henry’s law
gases in soluations
PROPORTIONAL
where does internal respiration take place
gases in bloodstream diffuse into tissues
during breathing is the epiglottis open
YES
closed during swallowing
what do leydig cells do
exist between sperm producing cells
make testosterone
name the tonsils (3 of them) 5 total
pharyngeal
2 palatine (removed)
2 lingual
innate immunity
first and second defence
adaptive immunity
cell mediated and antibody mediated
first line of defence
skin
mucous membranes
epidermis
hairs
cilia
fluids in general
LYSOZOMES
second line of defence
internal antimicrobial cells
phagocytes
inflammation
fever
natural killer cells
neutrophils
macrophages
phagocytosis (5 steps)
chemotaxis
adherence
ingestion
digestion
death
PRISH
PAIN
REDNESS
IMMOBILITY
SWELLING
HEAT
VET steps
Vasodilation and increased permeability
Emigration of phagocytes
Tissue repair - proliferation happens
Kinins cause pain and affect nerve endings
prostaglandins intensify and prolong pain
where do B and T cells originate and mature
B cells - bone marrow
T cells - bone marrow and mature in thymus
route of lymph fluid in nodes
ASTMEH
afferent
subscapular sinus
trabeculae sinus
medullary sinus
efferent
hilum
red pulp
RBCS die
platelet storage
blood cells produced during fetal life
white pulp
B & T cells carry about immune functions
pathogens are destroyed
how cytotoxic T cells kill stuff
perforins, granzymes, grunulysin
poking holes in cell membrane
extracellular fluid comes into cell and it bursts (CYTOLYSIS)
what type of cell is a plasma cell
B cell
makes antibodies
what is MALT
mucosa associated lymphatic tissue
in lamina propria layer of mucous membrane in the tracts
(GI, urinary, reproduction)
order of lymph flow
out of bloodstream
blood capillaries
interstitial space
lymph capillaries
lymphatic vessels
lymph trunks
ducts
back to bloodstream via internal jugular and subclavian veins
what kind of vit deficiency leads to scurvy, hydroproxline
vitamin C
what kind of nephron is most common in kidney
cortical
what are the 2 G words in the post absorptive state (fasting)
gluconeogenesis
glycogenolysis
what are the 2 G words in the absorptive state (just ate)
glycogenesis
glycolysis
metabolic process involving production of glucose from fat and protein
gluconeogenesis
micelles help w what?
lipid absorption and intracellular storage
chylomicrons help w ?
lipid transport
salts from bile that emulsion fat form micelles then what
fats absorbed through lacteals –> modified to chylomicron to be transported
what is the myenteric plexus for
mix food
mechanical digestion
MOTILITY
what is the submucosal responsible for
SECRETIONS IN GI TRACT
where do most amino acids and glucose gets absorbed
proximal convoluted tubule
where does cell mediated immunity take place
w T cells INSIDE THE CELLL
INTRACELLULAR PATHOGENS
in order for air to rush into the lungs the diaphragm needs to contract which does what?
decreases pressure inside
how does electricity travel through the heart
SA node (pacemaker)
AV node
bundle of His
purkinje fibers
how does our body absorb fat and what’s specialized structures exist for it
LACTEALS
take up lipids too large to cross membrane
what does the right duct drain
right upper body and head
left- everything else
specialized lymph w lipids is called ?
chyle
what does cisterna chyli do and where does it originate
left thoracic duct
collects lymph from lumbar and intestinal trunks
antibody that is most abundant, crosses placenta, long term immunity, found in blood
IgG
IgA
breast milk
saliva
mucous
antibody found in blood and lymph, APPEARS FIRST, activates complement system
IgM
antibody found on surface of B cells, activate B cells
IgD
antibody found on mast cells and basophils
involved in allergic and hypersensitivity reactions, protects against parasitic worms
IgE
what cells have MHC1
plasma membranes of all cells
except RBC
where are MHC II
antigen presenting cells
B cells, macrophages, dendritic cells
layers of GI tract
mucosa
submucosa
muscularis
serosa/adventitia
greater omentum drapes over the
transverse colon
small intestines
lesser omentum connects to what
stomach
duodenum
mesentery binds what
sm intestine
binds the jejunum and the ileum of sm intestine
largest fold in peritoneum
mesocolon
large intestine
bind transverse colon and sigmoid colon
what is the only organ attached to the abdominal wall
liver by the
falciform ligament
where are the salivary glands
parotid - cheek
submandibular - floor of mouth
sublingual - beneath tongue
liver receives blood form
hepatic artery - delivers oxygenated blood from general circulation
hepatic portal vein - delivers deoxygenated blood w nutrients
goes out of liver via hepatic vein back to heart
what do chief cells secrete
pepsinogen
gastric lipase
what do parietal cells produce
hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor
what is rugae
large folds in the stomach that allow it to expand
what does the pancreas do
secrete glucagon, insulin, gastrin
pancreatic juices
enzymes
what does the gallbladder do
stores bile
hepatic portal vein brings nutrient rich blood to where
to liver from sm intestine
portal triad
bile duct
hepatic artery branch
hepatic portal vein branch
BLOOD FLOWS AWAY FROM TRIAD
what does cholecystokinin do
causes gallbladder to release bile and the pancreas to release digestive enzymes
where does most absorption happen
small intestine
what are brush border enzymes and what do they do
found in plasma membrane of microvilli
digest carbs, proteins, nucleotides
conduction vs convection
conduction = heat exchange in direct contact
convection = transfer of heat by movement of air or differing temps
steps in order in cellular respiration and where they happen
- glycolysis - cytosol
- formation of acetyl coenzyme A - mitochondria
- krebs cycle - mitochondrial matrix
- electron transport chain - electron transport chain
if we dont immediately need ATP or glucose we store it by a process called _____
glycogenesis
and then use the stored form in a process called glycogenolysis
what is required for entry into krebs cycle
actely coenzyme A
3 key molecules of metabolism
acetyl coenzyme A
glucose 6 phosphate
pyruvic acid
what vitamins are water soluble
B, C
what vits are fat soluble
K A D E
What does the duodenum secrete
CCK
what do brush border enzymes do
absorb most nutrients in the digestive tract
what is glycogenolysis
the process of taking stored form of glucose and converts it back into a simple glucose molecule to make ATP
what structures are in the pharynx in order
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
what are the folds called in the sm and large intestine
plicae circulares
teniae , houstra
vit D
regulates calcium, Magnesium, phosphate
causes rickets, osteomalacia if deficient
B1 deficiency
beri beri
B3 deficiency
pallegra
B9 deficiency
spina bifida
B12 deficiency
anemia
what amino acids are non essential
AAASG
all A words
S word
G word
no words that start with these letters are in the essential amino acid list
fats needed from diet
omega 3,6
where is fat stored
adipose tissue and liver
what does a paracrine hormone do
act on neighboring cells
what are endocrine hormones
circulating hormones
what do somatotrophs produce
human growth hormone
from
ant pituitary gland
ant pituitary gland releases
hGh, tsh, fsh, lh, prl, acth, msh
what hormone increases GFR
ANP
order of filtrate passing through a nephron
P D A D CD
PCT
DESCEDING LIMB
ASCENDING LIMB
DCT
COLLECTING DUCT
what hormone increases permeability by increasing aquaporins
ADH
ADH = aquaporins
what do juxtaglomerular cells do
sense pressure changes
in wall of AFFERENT ARTERIOLE
SECRETE RENIN TO START RAAS
what do macula densa cells do
sense OSMORALITY
outside JGA
in ASCENDING LOOP
in wall of AFFERENT ARTERIOLE
AUTO REGULATION OF GFR
what is responsible for autoregulation of kidneys
macula densa cells
what does the PCT do
most absorption of amino acids
NaCl
glucose
H2O
HCO3
what does the PCT secrete
urea
H+
NHA
creatine
ASCENDING LOOP
NOT PERMEABLE
ABSORBS NaCl, K
where does aldosterone / ADH work
DCT
secretes K, H+
what does ANP do to GFR
increase
DECREASE BP,BV
what does angiotensinogen II do
DECREASE GFR
INCREASE BP, BV
blood supply and flow of kidneys
renal artery
segmental arteries
interlobar
arcuate
cortical radiate
afferent arterioles
Hepatic artery does what
bring o2 rich blood to LIVER from general circulation
what does the hepatic portal do
bring nutrient rich blood to LIVER from sm intestine
cellular respiration in order
glycolysis
pyruvate to AcCoa
AcCoa to kreb cycle
ETC
where does fertilization happen
AMPULLA
what two G words are in the fasting state (post absorptive)
glycogenolysis
gluconeogenesis
essential fats
linoleic omega - 6
alpha linolenic- OMEGA 3
blood flowing through heart
tricuspid
pulmonary
mitral
aortic
what does CCK do
make gallbladder release bile
makes pancreas release digestive enzymes
chylomicrons =
lipid transport
calcitonin comes from where
parafollicular cells of thyroid
aldosterone comes from
adrenal cotrex
ZONA GLOMERULOSA
where does somatostatin come from
delta cells
inhibits glucagon and insulin
what comes from pit gland
ADH
oxytocin
glucagon comes from
alpha cells that INCREASE glucose
what does calcitonin do
increase calcitonin = decreased osteoclasts
change level of calcium in blood
inhibit OSTEOCLASTS
decreased calcium
decreased calcitonin = increased calcium
PARATHYROID hormone = changes level of calcium in blood
increase PTH = INCREASED calcium
decreased PTH = decreased calcium
lesser omentum connects what
stomach and duodenum
conduction zone ends at
terminal bronchioles
layers of uterus
perimetrium –> myometrium –> endometrium
route of lymph within lymph node
subscapular sinus
trabeculae sinus
medullary sinus
what type of cell doesnt have MHC 2
T cells
what metabolic process involves production of pyruvate from glucose
glycolysis
what starts happening in post absorptive state
glycogenolysis
an irregular heartbeat could be caused by too much or too little
potassium
iodine
somatotrophs secretes what
human growth hormone
glucagon stimulates what
glycogenolysis
thyrotrophs secrete what
thyroid stimulating hormone
gonadotrophs stimulate what
FSH and LH
pathway of blood through heart
superior vena cava & inferior vena cava
right atrium
tricuspid
right ventricle
pulmonary valve
pulmonary artery
LUNGS = becomes oxygenated
O2 blood returns
pulmonary vein
left atrium
mitral valve
left ventricle
aortic valve
aorta
body
