ENDOCRINE Flashcards
1
Q
exocrine glands secrete into what?
A
ducts
2
Q
endocrine glands secrete into the?
A
bloodstream
3
Q
what is required to make thyroid hormone
A
iodine and tyrosine
4
Q
what is true about nitric oxide in the body
A
gas
hormone/neurotransmitter
produced in endothelial cells
it is NOT a vasoconstrictor
5
Q
what do eicanosoids do
A
increase inflammation
(leukotrienes and prostaglandins)
6
Q
where do the nervous system and endocrine system communicate
A
hypothalamus
7
Q
insulin like growth factor is produced in the liver in response to which hormone from the ant. pituitary
A
human growth hormone
8
Q
what hormone stimulates maturation of oocyte in females AND sperm production in males
A
FSH
follicle stimulating hormone
9
Q
what hormone triggers ovulation in females
A
LH
leutinizing hormone
10
Q
what hormones are stored and released in posterior pituitary
A
antidieretic hormone, Oxytocin
11
Q
which tissues are targets for oxytocin
A
uterus and mammary glands (breast)
12
Q
what substances are produced by the thyroid gland
A
T3
T4
Thyroglobulin
13
Q
what hormones are released by the hypothalamus
A
GHRH
TRH
CRH
PRH
GnRH
14
Q
what isnt released by the hypothalamus
A
thyroid stimulated hormone
15
Q
what promotes thyroid gland secretion
A
low levels of T3,T4 in blood
increases TRH from hypothalamus
increases TSH secretion from anterior pituitary
16
Q
where is calcitonin produced
A
parafollicular cells of thyroid
17
Q
calcitonin secretion from the thyroid gland increases
osteoclast activity decreases so blood calcium levels decrease
A
18
Q
what happens when the parathyroid hormone levels increase
A
osteoCLAST activity increases
blood calcium levels increase
19
Q
low levels of blood calcium levels would result in an increase of P___? and a decrease of C____?
A
increase PTH
decrease calcitonin
20
Q
what hormone is produced by the adrenal medulla
A
cortisol
21
Q
what does the zona fasciculata produce
A
cortisol
22
Q
pancreatic alpha cells produce what
A
glucagon
23
Q
pancreatic beta cells produce what
A
insulin
24
Q
glucagon promotes glycogenolysis in what type of cells
A
hepatocytes
25
G___ promotes appetite
Ghrenlin
26
L___ suppresses appetite
Leptin
27
what system is not interrupted during stress response
cardiovascular system
28
what triggers the release of renin from the kidneys
decrease in blood pressure
29
what promotes aldosterone secretion from the adrenal gland
angiotensin II from the lungs
30
what does aldosterone do
increase BP
increase NA and Cl reabsorption
increase K secretion
31
can water soluble hormones pass the phospholipid bilayer
no
binds to receptors on plasma membrane
first and second messengers
can change protein activities inside of the cell
32
do lipid hormones need a receptor
NO, require carrier protein
can cross bilayer easily
bind receptors in the cell
alters the cells activity
33
what are eicosanoids (leukotrienes, prostaglandins) made of
arachidonic acid
34
anterior pituitary gland cell types (5)
somatotrophs
thyrotrophs
gonadotrophs
lactotrophs
corticotrophs
35
infundibulum attaches the hypothalamus to pituitary gland
blood flows from hypothalamus to pituitary
36
the hypophyseal portal system connects the blood supply of the anterior pituitary to the blood supply of hypothalamus
37
what are the functions of the thyroid gland
INCREASE BASAL METABOLIC RATE
- adding Na/K and ATP pumps
- adding enzymes for cellular respiration
- adding mitochondria in cell
ENHANCE CATECHOLAMINES (epi and norepinephrine promotes sympathetic responses
REGULATES DEVELOPMENT AND GROWTH OF NERVOUS / BONE TISSUE
38
what does the atrial natriuretic peptide do
decrease blood pressure
39
what does T3,T4 do and where does it come from
thyroid follicular cells
increase BMR
40
what do paracrine hormones act on
neighboring cells
41
what do autocrine hormones act on
themselves (same cell)
42
what are the lipid soluble hormones
aldosterone and cortisol (cerebral cortex)
calcitriol (kidneys)
testosterone (testes)
estrogen / progesterone (ovaries)
43
water soluble hormones
peptides
protein hormones
eicosanoids
44
what does somatotrophs produce
human growth hormone
45
what do thyrotropes secrete
thyroid hormone
46
what do gonadotrophs make
FSH and LH
47
what do lactotrophs secrete
prolactin
47
what causes diabetes insipidus
low ADH OR ADH resistant
48
what do corticotrophs secrete
adrenocorticotropic and melanocyte
49
leukotrines are released by mast cells lining the airways in response to what
an irritant or allergen
50
in a lipid soluble hormone where are the receptors
inside target cell
51
3 functions of transport proteins
make lipid soluble hormones temporarily water soluble
slow down filtration
provide hormones in bloodstream
52
what does a decrease of blood pressure in kidneys cause
increased renin secretion
53
renin goes into the liver and turns what into what
angiotensinogen into angiotensin I
54
angiotensin I goes into the lungs and does what
turn into angiotensin II into ACE
55
in the adrenals what happens to AG II
increased aldosterone = increased blood pressure
56
what do chief cells produce
parathyroid hormone
57
cAMP changes a bunch of stuff in cells - turns stuff on
phosphorylate turns it off
58
59
what do corticotrophs secrete
ACTH
adrenocorticotropic
MSH
melanocyte stimulating hormone
60
what are the 2 releasing inhibiting hormones
growth hormone inhibiting hormone
prolactin inhibiting hormone
61
all hormones from hypothalamus have RELEASING in the name
62
what regulates metabolism
growth hormone
63
hypothalamus releases GHRH
anterior pituitary release GH - GROWTH hormone, hGH
64
liver produces what
insulin growth factors
65
hypothalamus secretes growth hormone releasing hormone or growth hormone inhibiting hormone
anterior pituitary responds by releasing growth hormone
liver responds by producing insulin like growth factors
66
thyrotropin releasing hormone is secreted from the hypothalamus and controls what?
thyroid stimulating hormone secretions
dependent on blood levels of T3 & T4
high levels in the blood inhibit more secretions
67
gonadotropin releasing hormone is secreted from the hypothalamus which stimulates what
release of
follicle stimulating hormone
luteinizing hormone
68
the hypothalamus secretes both inhibitory and excitatory hormones for what?
PROLACTIN
69
corticotropin releasing hormone from the hypothalamus stimulates the release of what|?
ACTH
adrenocorticotropic hormone
which controls the production and secretion of cortisol and other substances secreted by the cortex of the adrenal gland
70
posterior pituitary gland (neurohypophysis) does NOT synthesize hormones, it release 2 hormones that are ?
OXYTOCIN
ANTIDIUERTIC HORMONE
from the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei
71
blood is supplied to the posterior pituitary by the hypophyseal arteries and flows where
into the capillary plexus of the infundibular process
72
what is calcitonin secreted by and what does it do
thyroid - PARAFOLLICULAR CELLS
changes calcium levels in blood
inhibits osteoclasts
73
increased PTH = increased calcium
decreased PTH = decreased calcium
directly proportional
74
zona reticularis comes from what hormone and does what
androgens
secretes male hormones
75
zona glomerulosa comes from what and does what
aldosterone
regulates blood pressure
76
zona fasciculata comes from where and does what
cortisol and is anti-inflammatory
77
the zonas all come from where
adrenal cortex
78
where does norepinephrine, epinephrine and dopamine come from
adrenal medulla
fight or flight/ increase sympathetic
79
where does thymosin come from and what does it do
thymus gland
increases T cell development
80
what does glucagon produce and what does it do
alpha cells
INCREASE BLOOD GLUCOSE
81
what does insulin produce and what does it do
beta cells
DECREASE BLOOD GLUCOSE
82
what does somatostatin produce and what does it do
delta cells
INHIBITS BOTH GLUCAGON AND INSULIN
83
thyroid releasing hormone is secreted by the hypothalamus into where
the hypophyseal portal system stimulating the release of thyroid stimulating hormone from anterior pituitary gland that stimulates T3 and T4
84
what stimulates the release of thyrotropin
low blood levels of T3, T4 and low metabolic rate
85
what happens if there is too much circulating T3
inhibition of TRH and TSH
86
3 main functions of thyroid gland
increase in basal metabolic rate
enhance catecholamines
regulates development and growth of bone and nervous tissue
87
what gland regulates calcium magnesium and phosphates in the body
parathyroid glands/ hormone
88
what do high serum calcium levels stimulate
parafollicular cells of thyroid gland to produce more calcitonin - inhibiting OSTEOCLAST , decreasing blood serum calcium
89
RAAS pathway
1. kidney secretes renin into bloodstream
2. renin converts angiotensinogen from liver into angiotensinogen I
3. flows through lungs it comes into contact with angiotensin converting enzyme ACE into angiotensin II
4. angiotensin II stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone
90
what does aldosterone do in the kidneys
reabsorbs more Na+ and H2O
secretes more H+, K+ into urine
91
what does aldosterone do in smooth muscles of arterioles
causes VASOCONSTRICTION
increasing blood pressure
92
what 3 hormones does the kidney produce
renin (produces aldosterone)
erythropoietin (increases RBC formation)
calcitriol (vitamin D)
93
stress response - hypothalamus to adrenal cortex
cortex produces glucocorticoids
stimulate glycogen breakdown for immediate energy
94
the responsiveness of a target cell to a hormone depends on what 3 things
1. hormone concentrations in the blood
2. abundance of hormone receptors
3. influences exerted by other hormones
95
control of secretions for somatotrophs
hypothalamus releases GHRH or GHIH
ant. pit releases GH
GH reaches liver - synthesizes insulin like growth factors
