ENDOCRINE Flashcards
exocrine glands secrete into what?
ducts
endocrine glands secrete into the?
bloodstream
what is required to make thyroid hormone
iodine and tyrosine
what is true about nitric oxide in the body
gas
hormone/neurotransmitter
produced in endothelial cells
it is NOT a vasoconstrictor
what do eicanosoids do
increase inflammation
(leukotrienes and prostaglandins)
where do the nervous system and endocrine system communicate
hypothalamus
insulin like growth factor is produced in the liver in response to which hormone from the ant. pituitary
human growth hormone
what hormone stimulates maturation of oocyte in females AND sperm production in males
FSH
follicle stimulating hormone
what hormone triggers ovulation in females
LH
leutinizing hormone
what hormones are stored and released in posterior pituitary
antidieretic hormone, Oxytocin
which tissues are targets for oxytocin
uterus and mammary glands (breast)
what substances are produced by the thyroid gland
T3
T4
Thyroglobulin
what hormones are released by the hypothalamus
GHRH
TRH
CRH
PRH
GnRH
what isnt released by the hypothalamus
thyroid stimulated hormone
what promotes thyroid gland secretion
low levels of T3,T4 in blood
increases TRH from hypothalamus
increases TSH secretion from anterior pituitary
where is calcitonin produced
parafollicular cells of thyroid
calcitonin secretion from the thyroid gland increases
osteoclast activity decreases so blood calcium levels decrease
what happens when the parathyroid hormone levels increase
osteoCLAST activity increases
blood calcium levels increase
low levels of blood calcium levels would result in an increase of P___? and a decrease of C____?
increase PTH
decrease calcitonin
what hormone is produced by the adrenal medulla
cortisol
what does the zona fasciculata produce
cortisol
pancreatic alpha cells produce what
glucagon
pancreatic beta cells produce what
insulin
glucagon promotes glycogenolysis in what type of cells
hepatocytes
G___ promotes appetite
Ghrenlin
L___ suppresses appetite
Leptin
what system is not interrupted during stress response
cardiovascular system
what triggers the release of renin from the kidneys
decrease in blood pressure
what promotes aldosterone secretion from the adrenal gland
angiotensin II from the lungs
what does aldosterone do
increase BP
increase NA and Cl reabsorption
increase K secretion
can water soluble hormones pass the phospholipid bilayer
no
binds to receptors on plasma membrane
first and second messengers
can change protein activities inside of the cell
do lipid hormones need a receptor
NO, require carrier protein
can cross bilayer easily
bind receptors in the cell
alters the cells activity
what are eicosanoids (leukotrienes, prostaglandins) made of
arachidonic acid
anterior pituitary gland cell types (5)
somatotrophs
thyrotrophs
gonadotrophs
lactotrophs
corticotrophs
infundibulum attaches the hypothalamus to pituitary gland
blood flows from hypothalamus to pituitary
the hypophyseal portal system connects the blood supply of the anterior pituitary to the blood supply of hypothalamus
what are the functions of the thyroid gland
INCREASE BASAL METABOLIC RATE
- adding Na/K and ATP pumps
- adding enzymes for cellular respiration
- adding mitochondria in cell
ENHANCE CATECHOLAMINES (epi and norepinephrine promotes sympathetic responses
REGULATES DEVELOPMENT AND GROWTH OF NERVOUS / BONE TISSUE
what does the atrial natriuretic peptide do
decrease blood pressure
what does T3,T4 do and where does it come from
thyroid follicular cells
increase BMR
what do paracrine hormones act on
neighboring cells
what do autocrine hormones act on
themselves (same cell)
what are the lipid soluble hormones
aldosterone and cortisol (cerebral cortex)
calcitriol (kidneys)
testosterone (testes)
estrogen / progesterone (ovaries)
water soluble hormones
peptides
protein hormones
eicosanoids
what does somatotrophs produce
human growth hormone
what do thyrotropes secrete
thyroid hormone
what do gonadotrophs make
FSH and LH
what do lactotrophs secrete
prolactin
what causes diabetes insipidus
low ADH OR ADH resistant
what do corticotrophs secrete
adrenocorticotropic and melanocyte
leukotrines are released by mast cells lining the airways in response to what
an irritant or allergen
in a lipid soluble hormone where are the receptors
inside target cell
3 functions of transport proteins
make lipid soluble hormones temporarily water soluble
slow down filtration
provide hormones in bloodstream
what does a decrease of blood pressure in kidneys cause
increased renin secretion
renin goes into the liver and turns what into what
angiotensinogen into angiotensin I
angiotensin I goes into the lungs and does what
turn into angiotensin II into ACE
in the adrenals what happens to AG II
increased aldosterone = increased blood pressure
what do chief cells produce
parathyroid hormone
cAMP changes a bunch of stuff in cells - turns stuff on
phosphorylate turns it off
what do corticotrophs secrete
ACTH
adrenocorticotropic
MSH
melanocyte stimulating hormone
what are the 2 releasing inhibiting hormones
growth hormone inhibiting hormone
prolactin inhibiting hormone
all hormones from hypothalamus have RELEASING in the name
what regulates metabolism
growth hormone
hypothalamus releases GHRH
anterior pituitary release GH - GROWTH hormone, hGH
liver produces what
insulin growth factors
hypothalamus secretes growth hormone releasing hormone or growth hormone inhibiting hormone
anterior pituitary responds by releasing growth hormone
liver responds by producing insulin like growth factors
thyrotropin releasing hormone is secreted from the hypothalamus and controls what?
thyroid stimulating hormone secretions
dependent on blood levels of T3 & T4
high levels in the blood inhibit more secretions
gonadotropin releasing hormone is secreted from the hypothalamus which stimulates what
release of
follicle stimulating hormone
luteinizing hormone
the hypothalamus secretes both inhibitory and excitatory hormones for what?
PROLACTIN
corticotropin releasing hormone from the hypothalamus stimulates the release of what|?
ACTH
adrenocorticotropic hormone
which controls the production and secretion of cortisol and other substances secreted by the cortex of the adrenal gland
posterior pituitary gland (neurohypophysis) does NOT synthesize hormones, it release 2 hormones that are ?
OXYTOCIN
ANTIDIUERTIC HORMONE
from the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei
blood is supplied to the posterior pituitary by the hypophyseal arteries and flows where
into the capillary plexus of the infundibular process
what is calcitonin secreted by and what does it do
thyroid - PARAFOLLICULAR CELLS
changes calcium levels in blood
inhibits osteoclasts
increased PTH = increased calcium
decreased PTH = decreased calcium
directly proportional
zona reticularis comes from what hormone and does what
androgens
secretes male hormones
zona glomerulosa comes from what and does what
aldosterone
regulates blood pressure
zona fasciculata comes from where and does what
cortisol and is anti-inflammatory
the zonas all come from where
adrenal cortex
where does norepinephrine, epinephrine and dopamine come from
adrenal medulla
fight or flight/ increase sympathetic
where does thymosin come from and what does it do
thymus gland
increases T cell development
what does glucagon produce and what does it do
alpha cells
INCREASE BLOOD GLUCOSE
what does insulin produce and what does it do
beta cells
DECREASE BLOOD GLUCOSE
what does somatostatin produce and what does it do
delta cells
INHIBITS BOTH GLUCAGON AND INSULIN
thyroid releasing hormone is secreted by the hypothalamus into where
the hypophyseal portal system stimulating the release of thyroid stimulating hormone from anterior pituitary gland that stimulates T3 and T4
what stimulates the release of thyrotropin
low blood levels of T3, T4 and low metabolic rate
what happens if there is too much circulating T3
inhibition of TRH and TSH
3 main functions of thyroid gland
increase in basal metabolic rate
enhance catecholamines
regulates development and growth of bone and nervous tissue
what gland regulates calcium magnesium and phosphates in the body
parathyroid glands/ hormone
what do high serum calcium levels stimulate
parafollicular cells of thyroid gland to produce more calcitonin - inhibiting OSTEOCLAST , decreasing blood serum calcium
RAAS pathway
- kidney secretes renin into bloodstream
- renin converts angiotensinogen from liver into angiotensinogen I
- flows through lungs it comes into contact with angiotensin converting enzyme ACE into angiotensin II
- angiotensin II stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone
what does aldosterone do in the kidneys
reabsorbs more Na+ and H2O
secretes more H+, K+ into urine
what does aldosterone do in smooth muscles of arterioles
causes VASOCONSTRICTION
increasing blood pressure
what 3 hormones does the kidney produce
renin (produces aldosterone)
erythropoietin (increases RBC formation)
calcitriol (vitamin D)
stress response - hypothalamus to adrenal cortex
cortex produces glucocorticoids
stimulate glycogen breakdown for immediate energy
the responsiveness of a target cell to a hormone depends on what 3 things
- hormone concentrations in the blood
- abundance of hormone receptors
- influences exerted by other hormones
control of secretions for somatotrophs
hypothalamus releases GHRH or GHIH
ant. pit releases GH
GH reaches liver - synthesizes insulin like growth factors
