LYMPHATIC Flashcards
3 functions of lymphatic system
drain excess interstitial fluid
transports dietary lipids
carries out immune response
are lymphatic capillaries larger and more permeable then blood capillaries
yes
they absorb larger molecules like proteins and fats
how to enter a lymph vessel (3 ways)
elastic anchoring filaments
increase in pressure
increase permeability
what are the 2 enabling pumps
respiratory pump - from breathing
muscle pump - comes from calf muscles, walking, calf raises
how is the respiratory pump maintained
by pressure changes during inhalation
diaphragm contracts = increased pressure in abdominal cavity
how does the skeletal muscle pump work
milking action of skeletal muscles
compress lymphatic vessels and force lymph upwards
where do B cells originate and mature
bone marrow
where do T cells originate and mature
originate = bone marrow
mature = thymus
what drains the lungs
bronchiomediatic
what does the lymphatic system consist of
fluid
vessels
tissue
organs
red bone marrow
what pulls on endothelial cells to increase permeability
anchoring filaments
what are lacteals
specialized lymphatic capillaries in guts for fat transport and absorbs fat
flow of lymph
CVTD
starts: blood capillaries into interstitial space into lymphatic capillaries into
VESSELS
TRUNKS
DUCTS
back into blood stream via jugular and subclavian veins
where does the left side of the head drain to
left thoracic duct
what does the bronchomediastinal trunk drain
LUNGS
heart
thoracic cavity
what are the primary lymphatic organs
red bone marrow
thymus
where do stem cells divide and turn into immune cells
primary organs
thymus, red bone marrow
what does the right duct do
drain the right upper body and head
where do immune responses occur
secondary lymphatic organs
lymph nodes
spleen
lymphatic nodules
what is the cisterna chyli
origin of LEFT thoracic duct
collects lymph form lumbar and intestinal trunks
what cells have the ability to morph into other cells & where are they produced
pluripotent
produced in red bone marrow
what are the regions of a lymph node and what cells are in each
outer cortex - B cells
inner cortex - T cells
medulla- B cells
what cells are in the outer cortex
B cells in lymphatic nodules
what cells are in the inner cortex
T cells and dendritic cells
route of lymph fluid in nodes
ASTMEH
afferent
subcapsular sinus
trabeculae sinus
medullary sinus
efferent
hilum
what region is the spleen in
left hypochondriac
where do blood cells die
spleen red pulp
where are lymphatic nodules located
lamina propria layer of mucous membranes
what is the second line of defence
when pathogen gets through skin and mucous membranes
killer cells
phagocytes
inflammation
fever
first line of defense
skin, mucous membranes
epidermis
hairs
cilia
natural killer cells release
granzymes
when a natural killer cell binds to an infected cell it releases toxic chemicals called
perforins
steps of phagocytosis
(5)
CAIDD
chemotaxis
adherence
ingestion
digestion
death
signs and symptoms of inflammation
SHARP
swelling
heat
altered function
redness
pain
what are the 3 stages of inflammatory process
vasodilation and increased permeability
emigration of phagocytes
tissue repair
what system stimulates histamine release
complement system
what is MALT
mucosa associated lymphatic tissue
what type of antibody activates B cells
IgD
what cell does not express MHC II
T cells
what cell express MCH I and MCH II
macrophages
what does innate immunity mean
born with
what happens in white pulp inside of spleen
B and T cells carry out immune functions
lymphatic tissues that are not encapsulated are called nodules, scattered through propria layer of mucous membrane - what are they called in the GI, urinary, reproductive tract?
mucosa associated lymphatic tissue
MALT
what is adaptive immunity
acquired over a lifetime
cell mediated immunity
antibody mediated immunity
***what are the results of complement activation
increased phagocytosis
histamine is released
formation of a membrane attack complex
what cells live inside a lymph node
B & T cells, macrophages
what kind of tonsils get removed most commonly
palatine
what is the next defense after a microbe gets past the first line of defense
phagocytes, natural killer cells
what gets to the site of the infection first
neutrophils, then morph into macrophages
inflammatory process:
stage 1 - vasodilation & increased permeability
artery widens and becomes leakier = increased blood flow
brings in phagocytes for clean up, removes toxins
accounts for 3/5 stages of inflammation
in stage 1 of inflammatory process what signs are present
redness, swelling, heat
what happens in stage 2 of the inflammatory process
neutrophils squeeze through the artery wall to damaged tissue
try to destroy microbes
monocytes arrive
accumulation of dead phagocytes = pus
what happens in stage 3 of inflammatory process
TISSUE REPAIR
carried out by phagocytes to clean up
proliferation and remodeling begins
what antibody is breast milk
IgA
what is located on antigen producing cells
MHC II molecules
what is the distinguishes the adaptive immune system from the innate immune system
specificity and memory
the adaptive recognizes specific foreign pathogens but remembers flagged pathogens for next time
what is immunogenicity
ability to provoke an immune response
in cell mediated immunity what cells are activated
T cells
when the diaphragm contracts is there increased pressure in the abdominal cavity
yes
what does the cisterna chyli collect
lymph from lumbar and intestinal trunks
what cells does red bone marrow produce
pluripotent cells
what cells are in the medulla
B cells, antibody producing plasma cells and macrophages
flow of lymph (ASTMEH)
AFFERENT
subcapsular
trabeculae
medullary
efferent
hilum
what cells live inside lymph nodes
B&T
what kind of capillaries live inside red bone marrow
highly vascularized sinusoid capillaries
what cell links antibody mediated immune system to the cell mediated immune system
T helper cells
what is MALT and where is it found
mucosa associated lymphatic tissue
scattered throughout the GI Tract
what happens in white pulp
B&T cells carry out immune function, lymphocytes, macrophages
what happens in red pulp
death of blood cells
storage of platelets, RBC’s, macrophages, plasma cells
what are the 4 mechanisms of the first line defense
mucous
lysosomes
fatty acids
gastric juice
what are the 5 mechanisms of a second line defense
anti microbial substances
natural killer cells
phagocytes
inflammation
fever
adaptive immunity has two methods
cell mediated immunity
antibody mediated immunity
what cells are activated in cell mediated immunity
granzymes
perforins
granulysin
how do natural killer cells kill stuff
perforins
granzymes
granulosin
what is part of the first line of defence
skin, mucous membranes, hair, epidermis, cilia, fluids , lysozymes
what is included in the second line of defense
internal antimicrobial substances
natural killer cells
phagocytes
inflammation
fever
3 stages of inflammatory process
vasodilation
emigration
tissue repair
what considered a high fever
over 37 degrees
indicator your hypothalamus is helping fight infection
what is an immunogolulin
an antibody that recognizes and reacts to the presence of foreign substance in the body
what is the most abundant antibody
IgG
what antibody is found on the surface of B cells and activates B cells
IgD
what does the major histocompatibility complex do
flag making apparatus
identifies every cell, foreign or not
what are antigen presenting cells
dendritic
B cells
macrophages
mhc2 is only on antigen presenting cell
true
function of MHC2
places markers or flags on plasma membranes
T helper cells bind to MHC2 to activate B cells
Cytotoxic b cells bind MHC1
what antibody is responsible for hypersensitive reactions
IgE
what do lymph nodes act as
filters to trap foreign invaders
lymph flows from abdominal region where pressure is higher upward toward the thoracic region where pressure is lower to equalize pressures , what rule is that
rule #1
during exhalation the valves close to prevent backflow of lymph
how to enter lymph vessel
elastic anchoring filaments
increase in pressure
increase permeability
cell mediated immunity is where and what cells
inside the cell - T cells
protects against intracellular pathogens, cancer cells, memory T cells produced
antibody mediated immunity happens where and with what cells
outside of cells - B cells
effective agaisnt extracellular pathogens
Anchoring filaments - more pressure on outside then inside - all reasons why lymph naturally flows from capillary beds into lymphatic capillaries
all of the above answer
what cells trigger apoptosis
granzymes
