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A&P II > LYMPHATIC > Flashcards

LYMPHATIC Flashcards

1
Q

3 functions of lymphatic system

A

drain excess interstitial fluid

transports dietary lipids

carries out immune response

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2
Q

are lymphatic capillaries larger and more permeable then blood capillaries

A

yes

they absorb larger molecules like proteins and fats

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3
Q

how to enter a lymph vessel (3 ways)

A

elastic anchoring filaments
increase in pressure
increase permeability

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4
Q

what are the 2 enabling pumps

A

respiratory pump - from breathing

muscle pump - comes from calf muscles, walking, calf raises

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5
Q

how is the respiratory pump maintained

A

by pressure changes during inhalation

diaphragm contracts = increased pressure in abdominal cavity

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6
Q

how does the skeletal muscle pump work

A

milking action of skeletal muscles

compress lymphatic vessels and force lymph upwards

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7
Q

where do B cells originate and mature

A

bone marrow

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8
Q

where do T cells originate and mature

A

originate = bone marrow

mature = thymus

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9
Q

what drains the lungs

A

bronchiomediatic

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10
Q

what does the lymphatic system consist of

A

fluid
vessels
tissue
organs
red bone marrow

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11
Q

what pulls on endothelial cells to increase permeability

A

anchoring filaments

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12
Q

what are lacteals

A

specialized lymphatic capillaries in guts for fat transport and absorbs fat

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13
Q

flow of lymph

CVTD

A

starts: blood capillaries into interstitial space into lymphatic capillaries into

VESSELS
TRUNKS
DUCTS
back into blood stream via jugular and subclavian veins

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14
Q

where does the left side of the head drain to

A

left thoracic duct

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15
Q

what does the bronchomediastinal trunk drain

A

LUNGS
heart
thoracic cavity

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16
Q

what are the primary lymphatic organs

A

red bone marrow
thymus

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17
Q

where do stem cells divide and turn into immune cells

A

primary organs

thymus, red bone marrow

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18
Q

what does the right duct do

A

drain the right upper body and head

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19
Q

where do immune responses occur

A

secondary lymphatic organs

lymph nodes
spleen
lymphatic nodules

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20
Q

what is the cisterna chyli

A

origin of LEFT thoracic duct

collects lymph form lumbar and intestinal trunks

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21
Q

what cells have the ability to morph into other cells & where are they produced

A

pluripotent

produced in red bone marrow

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22
Q

what are the regions of a lymph node and what cells are in each

A

outer cortex - B cells

inner cortex - T cells

medulla- B cells

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23
Q

what cells are in the outer cortex

A

B cells in lymphatic nodules

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24
Q

what cells are in the inner cortex

A

T cells and dendritic cells

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25
route of lymph fluid in nodes ASTMEH
afferent subcapsular sinus trabeculae sinus medullary sinus efferent hilum
26
what region is the spleen in
left hypochondriac
27
where do blood cells die
spleen red pulp
28
where are lymphatic nodules located
lamina propria layer of mucous membranes
29
what is the second line of defence
when pathogen gets through skin and mucous membranes killer cells phagocytes inflammation fever
30
first line of defense
skin, mucous membranes epidermis hairs cilia
31
natural killer cells release
granzymes
32
when a natural killer cell binds to an infected cell it releases toxic chemicals called
perforins
33
steps of phagocytosis (5) CAIDD
chemotaxis adherence ingestion digestion death
34
signs and symptoms of inflammation SHARP
swelling heat altered function redness pain
35
what are the 3 stages of inflammatory process
vasodilation and increased permeability emigration of phagocytes tissue repair
36
what system stimulates histamine release
complement system
37
what is MALT
mucosa associated lymphatic tissue
38
what type of antibody activates B cells
IgD
39
what cell does not express MHC II
T cells
40
what cell express MCH I and MCH II
macrophages
41
what does innate immunity mean
born with
42
what happens in white pulp inside of spleen
B and T cells carry out immune functions
43
lymphatic tissues that are not encapsulated are called nodules, scattered through propria layer of mucous membrane - what are they called in the GI, urinary, reproductive tract?
mucosa associated lymphatic tissue MALT
44
what is adaptive immunity
acquired over a lifetime cell mediated immunity antibody mediated immunity
45
*******what are the results of complement activation
increased phagocytosis histamine is released formation of a membrane attack complex
46
what cells live inside a lymph node
B & T cells, macrophages
47
what kind of tonsils get removed most commonly
palatine
48
what is the next defense after a microbe gets past the first line of defense
phagocytes, natural killer cells
49
what gets to the site of the infection first
neutrophils, then morph into macrophages
50
inflammatory process: stage 1 - vasodilation & increased permeability
artery widens and becomes leakier = increased blood flow brings in phagocytes for clean up, removes toxins accounts for 3/5 stages of inflammation
51
in stage 1 of inflammatory process what signs are present
redness, swelling, heat
52
what happens in stage 2 of the inflammatory process
neutrophils squeeze through the artery wall to damaged tissue try to destroy microbes monocytes arrive accumulation of dead phagocytes = pus
53
what happens in stage 3 of inflammatory process
TISSUE REPAIR carried out by phagocytes to clean up proliferation and remodeling begins
54
what antibody is breast milk
IgA
55
what is located on antigen producing cells
MHC II molecules
56
what is the distinguishes the adaptive immune system from the innate immune system
specificity and memory the adaptive recognizes specific foreign pathogens but remembers flagged pathogens for next time
57
what is immunogenicity
ability to provoke an immune response
58
in cell mediated immunity what cells are activated
T cells
59
when the diaphragm contracts is there increased pressure in the abdominal cavity
yes
60
what does the cisterna chyli collect
lymph from lumbar and intestinal trunks
61
what cells does red bone marrow produce
pluripotent cells
62
what cells are in the medulla
B cells, antibody producing plasma cells and macrophages
63
flow of lymph (ASTMEH)
AFFERENT subcapsular trabeculae medullary efferent hilum
64
what cells live inside lymph nodes
B&T
65
what kind of capillaries live inside red bone marrow
highly vascularized sinusoid capillaries
66
what cell links antibody mediated immune system to the cell mediated immune system
T helper cells
67
what is MALT and where is it found
mucosa associated lymphatic tissue scattered throughout the GI Tract
68
what happens in white pulp
B&T cells carry out immune function, lymphocytes, macrophages
69
what happens in red pulp
death of blood cells storage of platelets, RBC's, macrophages, plasma cells
70
what are the 4 mechanisms of the first line defense
mucous lysosomes fatty acids gastric juice
71
what are the 5 mechanisms of a second line defense
anti microbial substances natural killer cells phagocytes inflammation fever
72
adaptive immunity has two methods
cell mediated immunity antibody mediated immunity
73
what cells are activated in cell mediated immunity
granzymes perforins granulysin
74
how do natural killer cells kill stuff
perforins granzymes granulosin
75
what is part of the first line of defence
skin, mucous membranes, hair, epidermis, cilia, fluids , lysozymes
76
what is included in the second line of defense
internal antimicrobial substances natural killer cells phagocytes inflammation fever
77
3 stages of inflammatory process
vasodilation emigration tissue repair
78
what considered a high fever
over 37 degrees indicator your hypothalamus is helping fight infection
79
what is an immunogolulin
an antibody that recognizes and reacts to the presence of foreign substance in the body
80
what is the most abundant antibody
IgG
81
what antibody is found on the surface of B cells and activates B cells
IgD
82
what does the major histocompatibility complex do
flag making apparatus identifies every cell, foreign or not
83
what are antigen presenting cells
dendritic B cells macrophages
84
mhc2 is only on antigen presenting cell
true
85
function of MHC2
places markers or flags on plasma membranes
86
T helper cells bind to MHC2 to activate B cells
87
Cytotoxic b cells bind MHC1
88
what antibody is responsible for hypersensitive reactions
IgE
89
what do lymph nodes act as
filters to trap foreign invaders
90
lymph flows from abdominal region where pressure is higher upward toward the thoracic region where pressure is lower to equalize pressures , what rule is that
rule #1
91
during exhalation the valves close to prevent backflow of lymph
92
how to enter lymph vessel
elastic anchoring filaments increase in pressure increase permeability
93
cell mediated immunity is where and what cells
inside the cell - T cells protects against intracellular pathogens, cancer cells, memory T cells produced
94
antibody mediated immunity happens where and with what cells
outside of cells - B cells effective agaisnt extracellular pathogens
95
Anchoring filaments - more pressure on outside then inside - all reasons why lymph naturally flows from capillary beds into lymphatic capillaries
all of the above answer
96
what cells trigger apoptosis
granzymes
97

A&P II (10 decks)

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