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A&P II > more midterm prep > Flashcards

more midterm prep Flashcards

1
Q

what is fossa ovalis

A

remnant from fetus, hole that closes at birth

bypass

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2
Q

what is ductus arteriosus

A

in a fetus, shunts blood from pulmonary trunk to aorta, bypassing lungs

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3
Q

cardiac action potential summary

A

depolarization = action potential travels to cardiac muscle fibres, stimulates Na+ channels to open and Na+ floods into cell, becoming less negative and cause rapid depolarization

plateau = maintained depolarization
Ca2+ gates open, Ca2+ rushes in, K+ leaves cell

repolarization = K+ leave cells restoring negative resting membrane potential

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4
Q

name the coronary arteries LEFT AND right

A

Left coronary artery
anterior interventricular
circumflex

right
posterior interventricular
marginal

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5
Q

p wave

A

atrial depolarization

systole atria contract

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6
Q

PQ interval

A

atrial kick fills ventricles

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7
Q

QRS complex

A

ventricle depolarization

ventricle contracts atria relaxes

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8
Q

ST segment

A

ventricle empties and relaxes

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9
Q

T wave

A

repolarization of ventricles

atria and ventricles relax

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10
Q

S1 = what sound

A

lubb AV nodes closing

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11
Q

S2= what sound

A

dubb SV valves closing

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12
Q

path of blood through heart
RTRPLPLBLAAS

A

right atrium
tricuspid valve
right ventricle
pulmonary valve
lungs
pulmonary veins
left atrium
bicuspid
left ventricle
aortic valve
aorta
systemic

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13
Q

what way does the epiglottis move when breathing

A

anteriorly

posteriorly for swallowing

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14
Q

what is pitch

A

tension in vocal cords causing sound vibration

if tight they vibrate faster at a higher pitch

more tone= higher pitch

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15
Q

rule #1

A

high pressure move to low pressure

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16
Q

Boyle’s law

A

if volume of gas increases = pressure of gas decreases

vice versa

INVERESLY PROPORTIONAL

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17
Q

Dalton’s Law

A

gasses behave independently, according to their own pressure

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18
Q

Henry;s law

A

gases in fluid

oxygen
hyperbaric chamber
soda can

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19
Q

what is the conducting zone

A

no gas exchange occurs, brings air into lungs

nose
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
terminal bronchioles

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20
Q

respiratory zone

A

main site of gas exchange

respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveolar sacs
alveoli

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21
Q

what structures are in the upper respiratory

A

nose
nasal cavity
pharynx
- nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

22
Q

whats in lower respiratory tract

A

larynx
epiglottis
trachea
lungs
carina
bronchi
bronchioles
resp. bronchioles
alveoli
alveolar

23
Q

hemoglobin molecule

A

two beta and two alpha chains, a heme portion and a globin portion

heme portion carries four atoms of iron each one binding to one molecule of oxygen

24
Q

what are cytokines

A

chemical signals from one cell to another

interferons
interleukins
erythropoietin
tumor necrosis

25
Q

what are neutrophils

A

first to infection site
morph into macrophages

26
Q

whats included in adaptive immunity

A

antibody mediated (B cells)

cell mediated (T cells)

27
Q

what are the different cytokines

A

interleukins
tumor necrosis factor
interferons
macrophage migration inhibiting factor

28
Q

where can you find MHC I and where does it happen

A

membranes on all cell bodies
EXCEPT RBC

happens INSIDE OF CELL

29
Q

where can you find MCH II

A

membranes on antigen presenting cells

OUTSIDE of cell

30
Q

what happens at the afferent arteriole when hydrogen ions are more concentrated in the filtrate

A

increase pH of blood

31
Q

what is antibody mediated immunity

A

produces B cells in red bone marrow

B cells produce antibodies from plasma cells, b cell clones and memory b cells

32
Q

what do natural killer cells do

A

attack cells w abnormal protein on their membranes

kill infected or cancerous cells by causing toxic chemicals called perforins and granzymes

live in spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow

33
Q

which antibody is most abundant and can cross placenta

A

IgG

34
Q

what antibody appears first, activates complement system, short lived, causes agglutination

A

IgM

35
Q

which antibody relates to allergic reactions, parasite worms, mast cells, basophils

A

IgE

36
Q

PCT = 65%
Descending loop = 15%
DCT = 20%

A
37
Q

RAAS system

A

kidneys (make renin) –> liver (converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I w renin) –> lungs (angiotensin I to angiotensin II w ACE) –> adrenals (Ag II stimulates aldosterone)

38
Q

flow of urine
NCPMMRUBU

A

nephron
collecting duct
papillary duct
minor calyx
major calyx
renal pelvis
ureter
bladder
urethra

39
Q

do juxtamedullary nephrons have longer loops

A

yes

40
Q

what hormone increase GFR and where is it

A

atrial naturetic hormone

decreases BV BP

afferent arteriole

41
Q

what does aldosterone do and where

A

increase Na
reabsorption

increase H20

decrease K+

increase BV, BP

DCT

42
Q

where is angiotensin II

(vasoconstrictor)

A

afferent arteriole

43
Q

what does ADH do

A

increase aquaporin DCT, CD

44
Q

where do T cells live in lymph

A

inner cortex

45
Q

what is secreted in the proximal convoluted tubule

A

H+
NH4+
Urea
Creatinine

46
Q

what is secreted in the loop of henle

A

urea

47
Q

flow of filtrate

PDADC

A

PCT
descending loop
ascending loop
DCT
CD

48
Q

blood supply to kidney ASIACAGE

A

aorta
segmental
interlobar
arcuate
cortical radiate
afferent arteriole
glomerular capillaries
efferent

49
Q

what is the glomerular filtration rate

A

the amount of renal filtrate formed in renal corpuscles in both kidneys in one minute

50
Q

what does angiotensin II do to the adrenals

A

stimulates them to release aldosterone
which stimulates principal cells in CD to reabsorb more Na+ and secrete more K+ using anti porters

51
Q

what hormone is released by posterior pituitary gland

A

antidiuretic
vasoconstrictor

52
Q

summary of hormones

A

angiotensin II - increase BV,BP

aldosterone - increase BV,BP

ANP - decrease BP,BV

aDH - increase reabsorption of H2O

parathyroid - increase Ca2+

A&P II (10 decks)

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