more midterm prep

Question 1

what is fossa ovalis

Answer 1

remnant from fetus, hole that closes at birth

bypass

Question 2

what is ductus arteriosus

Answer 2

in a fetus, shunts blood from pulmonary trunk to aorta, bypassing lungs

Question 3

cardiac action potential summary

Answer 3

depolarization = action potential travels to cardiac muscle fibres, stimulates Na+ channels to open and Na+ floods into cell, becoming less negative and cause rapid depolarization

plateau = maintained depolarization
Ca2+ gates open, Ca2+ rushes in, K+ leaves cell

repolarization = K+ leave cells restoring negative resting membrane potential

Question 4

name the coronary arteries LEFT AND right

Answer 4

Left coronary artery
anterior interventricular
circumflex

right
posterior interventricular
marginal

Question 5

p wave

Answer 5

atrial depolarization

systole atria contract

Question 6

PQ interval

Answer 6

atrial kick fills ventricles

Question 7

QRS complex

Answer 7

ventricle depolarization

ventricle contracts atria relaxes

Question 8

ST segment

Answer 8

ventricle empties and relaxes

Question 9

T wave

Answer 9

repolarization of ventricles

atria and ventricles relax

Question 10

S1 = what sound

Answer 10

lubb AV nodes closing

Question 11

S2= what sound

Answer 11

dubb SV valves closing

Question 12

path of blood through heart
RTRPLPLBLAAS

Answer 12

right atrium
tricuspid valve
right ventricle
pulmonary valve
lungs
pulmonary veins
left atrium
bicuspid
left ventricle
aortic valve
aorta
systemic

Question 13

what way does the epiglottis move when breathing

Answer 13

anteriorly

posteriorly for swallowing

Question 14

what is pitch

Answer 14

tension in vocal cords causing sound vibration

if tight they vibrate faster at a higher pitch

more tone= higher pitch

Question 15

rule #1

Answer 15

high pressure move to low pressure

Question 16

Boyle’s law

Answer 16

if volume of gas increases = pressure of gas decreases

vice versa

INVERESLY PROPORTIONAL

Question 17

Dalton’s Law

Answer 17

gasses behave independently, according to their own pressure

Question 18

Henry;s law

Answer 18

gases in fluid

oxygen
hyperbaric chamber
soda can

Question 19

what is the conducting zone

Answer 19

no gas exchange occurs, brings air into lungs

nose
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
terminal bronchioles

Question 20

respiratory zone

Answer 20

main site of gas exchange

respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveolar sacs
alveoli

Question 21

what structures are in the upper respiratory

Answer 21

nose
nasal cavity
pharynx
- nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

Question 22

whats in lower respiratory tract

Answer 22

larynx
epiglottis
trachea
lungs
carina
bronchi
bronchioles
resp. bronchioles
alveoli
alveolar

Question 23

hemoglobin molecule

Answer 23

two beta and two alpha chains, a heme portion and a globin portion

heme portion carries four atoms of iron each one binding to one molecule of oxygen

Question 24

what are cytokines

Answer 24

chemical signals from one cell to another

interferons
interleukins
erythropoietin
tumor necrosis

Question 25

what are neutrophils

Answer 25

first to infection site morph into macrophages

Question 26

whats included in adaptive immunity

Answer 26

antibody mediated (B cells) cell mediated (T cells)

Question 27

what are the different cytokines

Answer 27

interleukins tumor necrosis factor interferons macrophage migration inhibiting factor

Question 28

where can you find MHC I and where does it happen

Answer 28

membranes on all cell bodies EXCEPT RBC happens INSIDE OF CELL

Question 29

where can you find MCH II

Answer 29

membranes on antigen presenting cells OUTSIDE of cell

Question 30

what happens at the afferent arteriole when hydrogen ions are more concentrated in the filtrate

Answer 30

increase pH of blood

Question 31

what is antibody mediated immunity

Answer 31

produces B cells in red bone marrow B cells produce antibodies from plasma cells, b cell clones and memory b cells

Question 32

what do natural killer cells do

Answer 32

attack cells w abnormal protein on their membranes kill infected or cancerous cells by causing toxic chemicals called perforins and granzymes live in spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow

Question 33

which antibody is most abundant and can cross placenta

Answer 33

IgG

Question 34

what antibody appears first, activates complement system, short lived, causes agglutination

Answer 34

IgM

Question 35

which antibody relates to allergic reactions, parasite worms, mast cells, basophils

Answer 35

IgE

Question 36

PCT = 65% Descending loop = 15% DCT = 20%

Question 37

RAAS system

Answer 37

kidneys (make renin) --> liver (converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I w renin) --> lungs (angiotensin I to angiotensin II w ACE) --> adrenals (Ag II stimulates aldosterone)

Question 38

flow of urine NCPMMRUBU

Answer 38

nephron collecting duct papillary duct minor calyx major calyx renal pelvis ureter bladder urethra

Question 39

do juxtamedullary nephrons have longer loops

Answer 39

yes

Question 40

what hormone increase GFR and where is it

Answer 40

atrial naturetic hormone decreases BV BP afferent arteriole

Question 41

what does aldosterone do and where

Answer 41

increase Na reabsorption increase H20 decrease K+ increase BV, BP DCT

Question 42

where is angiotensin II (vasoconstrictor)

Answer 42

afferent arteriole

Question 43

what does ADH do

Answer 43

increase aquaporin DCT, CD

Question 44

where do T cells live in lymph

Answer 44

inner cortex

Question 45

what is secreted in the proximal convoluted tubule

Answer 45

H+ NH4+ Urea Creatinine

Question 46

what is secreted in the loop of henle

Answer 46

urea

Question 47

flow of filtrate PDADC

Answer 47

PCT descending loop ascending loop DCT CD

Question 48

blood supply to kidney ASIACAGE

Answer 48

aorta segmental interlobar arcuate cortical radiate afferent arteriole glomerular capillaries efferent

Question 49

what is the glomerular filtration rate

Answer 49

the amount of renal filtrate formed in renal corpuscles in both kidneys in one minute

Question 50

what does angiotensin II do to the adrenals

Answer 50

stimulates them to release aldosterone which stimulates principal cells in CD to reabsorb more Na+ and secrete more K+ using anti porters

Question 51

what hormone is released by posterior pituitary gland

Answer 51

antidiuretic vasoconstrictor

Question 52

summary of hormones

Answer 52

angiotensin II - increase BV,BP aldosterone - increase BV,BP ANP - decrease BP,BV aDH - increase reabsorption of H2O parathyroid - increase Ca2+