more midterm prep Flashcards
what is fossa ovalis
remnant from fetus, hole that closes at birth
bypass
what is ductus arteriosus
in a fetus, shunts blood from pulmonary trunk to aorta, bypassing lungs
cardiac action potential summary
depolarization = action potential travels to cardiac muscle fibres, stimulates Na+ channels to open and Na+ floods into cell, becoming less negative and cause rapid depolarization
plateau = maintained depolarization
Ca2+ gates open, Ca2+ rushes in, K+ leaves cell
repolarization = K+ leave cells restoring negative resting membrane potential
name the coronary arteries LEFT AND right
Left coronary artery
anterior interventricular
circumflex
right
posterior interventricular
marginal
p wave
atrial depolarization
systole atria contract
PQ interval
atrial kick fills ventricles
QRS complex
ventricle depolarization
ventricle contracts atria relaxes
ST segment
ventricle empties and relaxes
T wave
repolarization of ventricles
atria and ventricles relax
S1 = what sound
lubb AV nodes closing
S2= what sound
dubb SV valves closing
path of blood through heart
RTRPLPLBLAAS
right atrium
tricuspid valve
right ventricle
pulmonary valve
lungs
pulmonary veins
left atrium
bicuspid
left ventricle
aortic valve
aorta
systemic
what way does the epiglottis move when breathing
anteriorly
posteriorly for swallowing
what is pitch
tension in vocal cords causing sound vibration
if tight they vibrate faster at a higher pitch
more tone= higher pitch
rule #1
high pressure move to low pressure
Boyle’s law
if volume of gas increases = pressure of gas decreases
vice versa
INVERESLY PROPORTIONAL
Dalton’s Law
gasses behave independently, according to their own pressure
Henry;s law
gases in fluid
oxygen
hyperbaric chamber
soda can
what is the conducting zone
no gas exchange occurs, brings air into lungs
nose
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
terminal bronchioles
respiratory zone
main site of gas exchange
respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveolar sacs
alveoli
what structures are in the upper respiratory
nose
nasal cavity
pharynx
- nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
whats in lower respiratory tract
larynx
epiglottis
trachea
lungs
carina
bronchi
bronchioles
resp. bronchioles
alveoli
alveolar
hemoglobin molecule
two beta and two alpha chains, a heme portion and a globin portion
heme portion carries four atoms of iron each one binding to one molecule of oxygen
what are cytokines
chemical signals from one cell to another
interferons
interleukins
erythropoietin
tumor necrosis
what are neutrophils
first to infection site
morph into macrophages
whats included in adaptive immunity
antibody mediated (B cells)
cell mediated (T cells)
what are the different cytokines
interleukins
tumor necrosis factor
interferons
macrophage migration inhibiting factor
where can you find MHC I and where does it happen
membranes on all cell bodies
EXCEPT RBC
happens INSIDE OF CELL
where can you find MCH II
membranes on antigen presenting cells
OUTSIDE of cell
what happens at the afferent arteriole when hydrogen ions are more concentrated in the filtrate
increase pH of blood
what is antibody mediated immunity
produces B cells in red bone marrow
B cells produce antibodies from plasma cells, b cell clones and memory b cells
what do natural killer cells do
attack cells w abnormal protein on their membranes
kill infected or cancerous cells by causing toxic chemicals called perforins and granzymes
live in spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow
which antibody is most abundant and can cross placenta
IgG
what antibody appears first, activates complement system, short lived, causes agglutination
IgM
which antibody relates to allergic reactions, parasite worms, mast cells, basophils
IgE
PCT = 65%
Descending loop = 15%
DCT = 20%
RAAS system
kidneys (make renin) –> liver (converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I w renin) –> lungs (angiotensin I to angiotensin II w ACE) –> adrenals (Ag II stimulates aldosterone)
flow of urine
NCPMMRUBU
nephron
collecting duct
papillary duct
minor calyx
major calyx
renal pelvis
ureter
bladder
urethra
do juxtamedullary nephrons have longer loops
yes
what hormone increase GFR and where is it
atrial naturetic hormone
decreases BV BP
afferent arteriole
what does aldosterone do and where
increase Na
reabsorption
increase H20
decrease K+
increase BV, BP
DCT
where is angiotensin II
(vasoconstrictor)
afferent arteriole
what does ADH do
increase aquaporin DCT, CD
where do T cells live in lymph
inner cortex
what is secreted in the proximal convoluted tubule
H+
NH4+
Urea
Creatinine
what is secreted in the loop of henle
urea
flow of filtrate
PDADC
PCT
descending loop
ascending loop
DCT
CD
blood supply to kidney ASIACAGE
aorta
segmental
interlobar
arcuate
cortical radiate
afferent arteriole
glomerular capillaries
efferent
what is the glomerular filtration rate
the amount of renal filtrate formed in renal corpuscles in both kidneys in one minute
what does angiotensin II do to the adrenals
stimulates them to release aldosterone
which stimulates principal cells in CD to reabsorb more Na+ and secrete more K+ using anti porters
what hormone is released by posterior pituitary gland
antidiuretic
vasoconstrictor
summary of hormones
angiotensin II - increase BV,BP
aldosterone - increase BV,BP
ANP - decrease BP,BV
aDH - increase reabsorption of H2O
parathyroid - increase Ca2+
