Respiratory Flashcards
3 factors that affect pulmonary ventilation
surface tension
lung compliance
airway diameter
define pulmonary respiration
exchange of gases in the lungs
what muscles are used with normal (quiet) breathing for inhalation and exhalation
diaphragm
external intercostals
what muscles are used with forced inspiration
SCM
scalenes
pec minor
what muscles are used with forced expiration during exhalation
abdominals
intercostals
what part of the brain controls respiration
medulla
pontine
list the 3 main cells within a pulmonary lobule
type I alveolar
type II alveolar
macrophages (dust cell)
what does type I alveolar do
gas exchange respiratory membrane
what does type II alveolar do
secrete surfactant
what does the epiglottis do
separates trachea from esophagus
what is pitch
tension in vocal cords
no tension = no sound
when taut = higher pitch
terminal bronchioles lead into the respiratory bronchioles
true
what is pulmonary ventilation
proces of inhalation and exhalation
what is pulmonary respiration
gas exchange in lungs
happening in type I alveolar cells
internal respiration
O2 in bloodstream throughout body
external respiration
happens in alveoli
when pressure goes up, volume goes down
when pressure goes down volume goes up
when diaphragm relaxes - increased pressure in lungs – decreased volume — increased air flows out
boyle’s law states
volume and pressure are inversely proportional
if volume increases, the pressure decreases
rule #1 states
gases move from high to low pressure
daltons law states
mixtures of gases **
behave Independently
exchange of O2 and CO2 between alveoli and outside air is governed by PASSIVE DIFFUSION regulated by which laws
Dalton’s
henrys
what is eupnea
normal, quiet breathing
which layers contain C rings
hyaline cartilage
where does internal respiration take place
body
where does external respiration take place
alevoli
what factors decrease airflow in respiratory system
increased PNS activity
hemoglobin molecule binds 4 atoms of iron, allowing it to bind to 4 molecules of oxygen
% of O2 carried in blood by hemoglobin
98.5%
what muscles are involved w normal (quiet breathing) (inspiration or expiration)
external intercostals and diaphragm
which muscles are involved with deep breathing (inspiration)
SCM, scalene’s, pec minor
which muscles involved with deep EXPIRATION breathing
abdominals and intercostals
where does gas exchange start
respiratory bronchioles
what is the carina
where bronchi separate and where the cough reflex is
highly sensitive area
which side of the lung has the horizontal fissure and middle lobe
right side
which side of the lung has the cardiac fissure
left
4 alveolar wall layers
type 1 and 2
epithelial basement membrane
capillary base membrane
capillary endothelium
components of air
78% nitrogen
21% oxygen
1% other gases
what does surfactant do
increases surface tension keeping alveoli open
prevents collapsing
henry’s law
gases in a solution
proportional
gases and fluids
supplemental oxygen
what is the conducting zone
bringing air into lungs
nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles
what is the respiratory zone
site of gas exchange
secondary segmental bronchi, tertiary bronchi, alveolar ducts, alveola sacs and alveoli
chemoreceptors detect
levels of O2, H+, CO2
found in carotid and aortic arches
what produces sound in vocal cords
air passing through CLOSED vocal cords
what does the fluid in between the pleural cavity do (surfactant)
decrease friction
when you breath air into lungs, how much air reaches respiratory bronchioles
70%
how is CO2 carried in blood
carbonic acid bicarbonate
function of respiratory system
gas exchange and regulate pH
upper respiratory tract
nose
pharynx
lower respiratory tract
larynx
voicebox
trachea
bronchi
lungs
which way does the epiglottis move for breathing
anteriorly
name the tonsils
pharyngeal
lingual
palatine
what is the glottis
space over the vocal cords
why are mens voices lower
thicker and longer vocal cords
vibrate SLOWER
what is the conducting zone
bringing air into lungs, no gas exchange
nose
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
terminal bronchioles
what is the blood supply to the lungs
bronchiole arteries
what does SNS stimulation do to the respiratory system
causes airway dilation or patent
PNS constricts
what muscle is responsible for opening of vocal cords
posterior cricoarytenoid muscle
what muscle is responsible for closing of vocal cords
lateral cricoarytenoid muscle
