digestive Flashcards
4 layers of the GI tract
mucosa (inside)
submucosa
muscularis
serosa/adventitia
where does the GI tract start and end
starts at mouth ends at rectum
where are the salivary glands in the mouth
sublinguinal - underneath tongue
parotid glands - buccal (cheek)
submandibular glands - floor of mouth
pancreatic juices are made of what
enzymes
bicarbonate
water
salts
what % of the original food matter you eat makes it to your feces
50%
cholecystokinin is secreted by the D____ which stimulate the G____ to secrete bile
duodenum
gall bladder
lipids require formation of a special layer called ___ for proper absorption
micelle
which enzymes break down proteins in the duodenum
trypsin
which enzyme breaks down carbs in the duodenum
lactase
the submucosal plexus is responsible for S____ and the myenteric plexus is responsible for M___
secretion
motility
by which mechanisms do humans loose heat to maintain 37 degrees
convection
conduction
evaporation
what occurs during the absorptive state (right after a meal)
glucose is turned into ATP
insulin is released by pancreatic beta cells
glycolysis takes place in the _____ of cell and the krebs cycle takes place in ____ of the cell
cytosol
mitochondrial matrix
the breakdown of glycogen to make glucose is called what?
glycogenolysis
the process of making glucose out of protein and lipids is called
glucogenesis
P___ is turned into A____ which enters the kreb cycle
pyruvate
acetyl CoA
what % of adipose tissue is stored in the subcutaneous layer
50%
beta oxidation is the first step of?
lipolysis
what vitamin depends on B9 to activate
B12
beriberi is caused by what deficiency
B1
pellegra is caused by what deficiency
B3
which mineral is most predominant in our body
calcium
what mineral is a mm relaxant
magnesium
vit D deficiency can lead to what in childen
rickets
vit D deficiency can lead to what in adults
osteomalacia
what part of the brain is responsible for detecting and rapidly responding to thirst
pituitary
you can become dehydrated after losing how much water mass
5%
what does chemical digestion do
provide salivary enzymes
what does mechanical digestion do
mix food with secretions
what are the 3 parts of the esophagus and which have smooth or skeletal mm
superior = 1/3 skeletal muscle
middle = 1/3 both skeletal, smooth muscle
inferior = 1/3 smooth
what is the sphincter that goes from esophagus to the stomach
cardiac sphincter (involntary control)
stomach digestion mechanical vs chemical
mechanical = churning –> peristalsis
chemical = hydrochloric acid
what do the mucus neck cells secrete
secrete alkaline mucus –> basic mucus
what do the chief cells secrete
pepsinogen and gastric lipase
what do the parietal cells produce
hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor
what do G cells secrete
gastrin
what are the 4 cells that line the stomach
mucus neck cells
chief cells
parietal cells
G cells
what does the pancreas do
SECRETE HORMONES AND ENZYMES
glucagon, insulin, amylase, lipase, trypsin (protein), chymotrypsin (proteas)
what are pancreatic juices made of
water
salts
bicarbonate
enzymes
what does the liver do
MAKES BILE STORED IN GALLBLADDER
regulates glycogen storage
what is a micelle
tiny spheres that cover the lipid molecules
hydrophilic
what is the transportable form of fat
chylomicron
what ligaments are with the liver
teres (round ligament, attached to umbilicus)
falciform
coronary (CROWN) attached to diaphragm
what is the functional unit of the liver
ACINI - shaped like a hexagon
what are the 3 anatomical structures of the HEPATIC TRIAD (found at apex of acinus)
bile duct
hepatic artery branch
hepatic portal vein branch
what is the greater omentum attached to
transverse colon, sm intestine (greater curvature)
what is the lesser omentum attached to
stomach and duodenum to liver “J” (lesser curvature)
what are stomach folds called
rugae
what are the large intestine folds called
teniae coli / haustra
what are the folds with muscularis called
plicae circulares
what secretes after you eat
insulin
what secretes when you fast
glucagon
what hormones are released by beta islet cells
langerhan cells
what does lipase digest
fat
what does trypsin digest
protein
what does chymotrypsin digest
proteas
where is 90% of absorption
small intensine
what 3 structures are part of the small intensine
duodenum (CCK) cholecystokinin - causes gallbladder to release bile
jejunum (S cells)
ileum
colon order
Ascending
Transverse
Descending
Sigmoid
Rectum / anus
what does vitamin K do
helps blood clot to prevent blood loss
what is the only thing absorbed in the large intestine
vitamin K and B
what does metabolism consist of
anabolism - creates larger molecules
catabolism - breaks down large molecules
what happens after you eat a meal
absorptive state - using/burning glucose
make ATP
what happens between eating meals
post absorptive state - burns ATP
makes GLUCOSE
what are the 4 steps of cellular respiration
- Glycolysis
- pyruvate
- AcCoA
- electron transport chain (ETC)
what does glycolysis do
And where does it happen
turns glucose into 2 pyruvate
in cytosol
what does pyruvate do
AcCoA –> in mitrochondria
where does AcCoA go
goes to Krebs (NADH, FADH)
in MITOCHONDRIA
Where is pyruvate, AcCoa, electron transport train
mitochondria
how many ATP’s and H2O’s are made in the electron transport chain
32 ATP
6 H2O
what the 4 things involved w glucose metabolism
GLYCOLYSIS
GLYCOGENOLYSIS
GLYCOGENOSIS
GLUCONEOGENESIS
what does glycolysis do
breaks down glucose turns it to pyruvate
what does glycogenolysis do
break down GLYCOGEN into GLUCOSE
what does glycogenosis do
makes GLYCOGEN into GLUCOSE
what does gluconeogenesis do
makes glucose from fat and proteins
what is stored in the form of glucose
% in skeletal muscle
% in liver
GLYCOGEN (extra glucose)
75% in skeletal muscle
25% in liver
what is the first step in fat metabolism
lypolysis
BETA OXIDATION
what is the main type of fat that you eat
triglyceride
(glycerol –>alcohol, glycerol backbone with 3 fatty acids attached to it)
how much fat is stored in the subcutaneous layer
50%
can you store amino acids in the body
no
essential vs non essential amino acids = all of the above answer
function of vit D
regulates calcium, magnesium, phosphate
Vitamin K function and main source
necessary in blood clotting
produced by gut bacteria
function of Vitamin B1 and deficiency
carbohydrate metabolism
Beri beri
function and deficiency of B3
carbohydrate metabolism
pellagra
what does B12 need and needed to make
needs vitamin B9 to activate it
needed to make heme
vitamin B12 deficiency
anemia
what are the main minerals in the body
calcium - most predominant
phosphorus
potassium
Calcium function and deficiency
bone mineralization
rickets and osteomalacia and osteoporosis
when are osteoclasts active
when Ca2+ is low (break down bone)
when are osteoblasts active
when Ca2+ is high (build up bone)
functions of sodium Na+
extracellular fluid control
water balance
acid base balance
muscle contraction
nerve impulse
Fat soluble vitamins
K A D E
water soluble vitamins
B C
where are all vitamins absorbed
small intestine
what controls thirst regulation
pituitary gland of hypothalamus (fast)
cerebral cortex (slow)
where are kupffer cells
LIVER
clean up crew
blood flows away from triad
bile flows toward triad
which direction does deoxygenated and oxygenated blood flow with respect to portal triad
away towards central vein in middle of acinus
where are brush border enzymes found
plasma membranes of microvilli
what are carbohydrate digesting enzymes
alpha dextrinase
maltase
sucrase
lactase
protein digesting enzymes
aminopeptidase, dipeptidase
nucleotide digesting enzymes
nucleosidases and phosphates
what is the myenteric plexus
between the circular and longitudinal smooth mm layers of muscularis - responsible for motility
submucosal plexus
in submucosa
controls secretory cells - responsible for secretions
where does gastrin come from
stomach - causes HCL to be released
where is inner temperature controlled
anterior hypothalamus called preoptic area
where does krebs cycle happen
mitochondrial matrix
where is hydrochloric acid
in the stomach
functions of GI system
- ingestion / eating
- Secretions
- Mixing (motility)
- Digestion
- Absorption
- Defecation
what does the mesentery connect to
small intestine
binds jejunum and ilium of sm intestines to posterior abdominal wall
what is the largest fold in peritoneum
mesentery
what does the mesocolon bind
transverse colon and sigmoid colon of L intestine to posterior abdominal wall
what is chylomicron
when lipids reform into triglycerides and clump together with phospholipids and cholesterol and become coated w proteins called chylomicrons
what does gastrin do
increase HCL from parietal cells
where and what does secretin do
S cells
duodenum
increase HCO3 (bicarbonate) from duodenum
3 parts of the pharynx
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
the upper and lower ends of esophagus both have sphincters which has smooth mm
upper = skeletal
lower - smooth
lysis = Breakdown
genesis = make
what % of fuel is used for body temp
60%
40 is used for chemical reactions in the body
where does the electron transport chain happen
intermembrane space
function of vitamin D
regulate calcium, Mg, phosphorus
what are B1 and B3 function
carbohydrate metabolism
what do we need B12 for
to make heme
