Urinary

Question 1

Polyuria

Answer 1

> 50ml/kg/day of urine

Question 2

Polydipsia

Answer 2

Dogs: >100ml/kg/day water intake
Cats: >50ml/kg/day water intake

Question 3

Causes of primary polydipsia

Answer 3

Centrally mediated disease: primary (neoplasia), secondary (changes to osmolarity/endocrine effects), compensating for losses other than urinary (GI/third space)
Physiological/appropriate: salt toxicity (seawater), exercise, high environmental temperature

Question 4

Causes of primary polyuria

Answer 4

No ADH production (hypothalamus), release (pituitary) or reduced sensitivity/response
Osmotic diuresis (glucose/sodium)
Reduced medullary/interstitial tonicity
Mixed/unknown cause (CRF/AKI)

Question 5

Diagnosis of PUPD cause

Answer 5

History/signalment
Clinical exam (BCS, dehydration, skin, neuro.)
Specific gravity

Question 6

Water deprivation test

Answer 6

Controversial, can be fatal
Differentiates primary PD (SG improves with water deprivation), central diabetes insipidus (SG improves with vasopressin and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (SG never improves)
Alternative: trial Vasopressin therapy, can’t diagnose nephrogenic but its rare

Question 7

Azotaemia

Answer 7

Elevated urea and creatinine
Pre-renal, post-renal or renal

Question 8

Haematuria

Answer 8

Red blood cells present in urine (red)

Question 9

Haemaglobinuria

Answer 9

Haemaglobin present in urine (red)

Question 10

Myoglobinuria

Answer 10

Myoglobin present in the urine (brown)

Question 11

Bilirubinuria

Answer 11

Bilirubin present in urine (orange)

Question 12

Dysuria

Answer 12

Difficulty or pain during urination

Question 13

Stranguria

Answer 13

Straining to urinate (may not produce much urine)

Question 14

Pollakiuria

Answer 14

Frequent, abnormal urination

Question 15

Oliguria/anuria

Answer 15

Minimal to no urine production

Question 16

Incontinence

Answer 16

Lack of control over urination

Question 17

Causes of brown urine

Answer 17

Myoglobin
Methaemoglobin
Copper toxiciosis
Faeces (rectal/urinary fistula or contamination)

Question 18

Management of big bladder

Answer 18

May be obstructive disease , emergency!
Electrolytes and biochemistry (azotaemia and hyprkalaemia)
POCUS (uroabdomen?)
Urinary catheter placement (GA, stabilise prior)
ECG (hyperkalaemia = atrial standstill, no P wave)

Question 19

What might you find on kidney ultrasound?

Answer 19

Hydronephrosis (middle dilated due to back pressure, obstructive disease?)
Cyst (circular fluid filled structure, usually cortex)
Neoplasia (fuzzy, some fluid)
Nephrolith

Question 20

Why is there acidosis in acute renal failure?

Answer 20

Excretion of hydrogen ions is reduced

Question 21

Effect of gentamycin on the renal cortex

Answer 21

Direct toxic effect on cortical cells related to duration of exposure

Question 22

What are A, B, C and D?

Answer 22

A: renal medulla
B: renal cortex
C: acoustic shadowing
D: renal pelvis

Question 23

Main finding of acute renal failure induced by toxicity

Answer 23

Anuria

Question 24

Main clinical finding with idiopathic cystitis in cats

Answer 24

Pollakuria

Question 25

Main clinical finding with familial nephropathy in a dog

Answer 25

Proteinuria

Question 26

Fanconi syndrome

Answer 26

Disease of proximal tubule, reduced resorption of glucose/Na+/K+/phosphorous/bicarbonate/albumin/amino acids
Basenji
PUPD, weight loss, uraemia
Treatment: supplement NaCl, K+ and bicarb

Question 27

Preferred method of urine sampling for C&S

Answer 27

Cystocentesis