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Small Animal (Poppy) > Juvenile Lameness > Flashcards

Juvenile Lameness Flashcards

1
Q

Is specific juvenile disease in the cat common or rare?

A

Rare

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2
Q

Juvenile disease associated with shifting lameness

A

Panosteitis

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3
Q

What condition is ‘Perthe’s disease’ referring to?

A

Avascular necrosis of the femoral head

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4
Q

Signalment and history in Perthe’s disease

A

Toy/small dog
<6 months old
Inherited in Manchester terrier
Lameness and muscle atrophy
Reluctant to jump/use stairs
Can be bilateral

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5
Q

Clinical signs in Perthe’s disease

A

Muscle atrophy (gluteals)
Pain and crepitus on extension of hips

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6
Q

Treatment for Perthe’s disease and associated prognosis

A

Femoral head and neck excision (loss of limb length, tilt pelvis to compensate, poor prognosis in large dogs) or total hip replacement (better prognosis)

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7
Q

Metaphyseal osteopathy signalment

A

Dogs only
<6 months

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8
Q

Metaphyseal osteopathy clinical signs

A

Severely painful swelling to metaphyseal region of limbs
Pyrexic/systemically unwell
Inappetent
Often unable to walk
Pitting oedema over metaphyseal region

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9
Q

Radiographic appearance of metaphyseal osteopathy

A

‘Extra growth plate’ (ill-defined lucency to physis)
Perioesteal lifting with mineralisation

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10
Q

How can metaphyseal osteopathy cause angular limb deformities?

A

Stops growth on one side of the growth plate

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11
Q

Treatment for metaphyseal oesteopathy

A

Hospitalisation with multi-modal anaesthesia (opiates and CRIs)
NSAIDs initially, steroids if inflammation doesn’t reduce
IV fluids
Tube feeding if inappetent for 3+ days

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12
Q

Prognosis for metaphyseal osteopathy

A

Guarded
Increased incidence of other autoimmune conditions when older

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13
Q

Signalment for early cruciate disease

A

Large breeds (Mastiffs and Rottweilers)

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14
Q

Are small or large breed dogs prone to juvenile patella subluxations?

A

Both

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15
Q

Does septic arthritis affect single or multiple joints in the young animal?

A

Multiple

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16
Q

What can cause polyarthritis, particularly in young animals?

A

Vaccination in dogs and cats
Calici virus in cats

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17
Q

Which breed commonly suffers from humeral intracondylar fissure?

A

Spaniels

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18
Q

Clinical sign of sesamoid disease

A

Pin point pain over flexor sesamoids in young dog

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19
Q

Craniomandibular osteopathy signalment

A

Small terriers (West Highland and Cairn)
Has been reported in older dogs (Dobermann), occasionally causing lameness

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20
Q

Craniomandibular osteopathy clinical signs

A

Soft tissue swelling and oedema to jaw and long bones
Systemically unwell and pyrexic
Chronic: progressively difficult to open mouth

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21
Q

What disease is colloquially referred to as Lion Jaw?

A

Craniomandibular osteopathy

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22
Q

Radiographic features of craniomandibular osteopathy

A

Palisading new bone to mandible/occipital crest/tympanic bullae (‘battlement like’)
Similar changes in long bones
Associated soft tissue swelling
Temporomandibular joint may be involved

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23
Q

Treatment for craniomandibular osteopathy

A

Analgesia
Corticosteroids
Fluids/enteral support

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24
Q

Prognosis for craniomandibular osteopathy

A

Guarded (difficult to manage, distressing for dog and owner)
Long term sequalae include reduced opening of mouth (difficulty eating/intubating)

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25
Q

Signalment in panosteitis

A

<1 year
GSD
Male

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26
Q

Panosteitis clinical signs

A

Depressed
Pyrexic
Pain on palpation of diaphysis
Shifting lameness (previous episode in another limb)

27
Q

Radiographic signs in panosteitis

A

Loss of trabecula pattern
Endosteal and periosteal new bone
May be none

28
Q

Treatment for panosteitis

A

Rest
NSAIDs

29
Q

Prognosis for panosteitis

A

Excellent
Usually lasts a week and is self limiting
Reassure owner

30
Q

What disease is shown in this radiograph?

A

Panosteitis

31
Q

Clinical presentation of rickets

A

Pain and swelling around physeal regions of long bones
Reluctance to move

32
Q

Cause of rickets in the growing animal

A

Absolute lack of vitamin D (reduced exposure to sunlight or calcium/phosphorous imbalance)

33
Q

Treatment for rickets

A

Balanced diet (Vitamin D)
Exposure to sunlight

34
Q

Differential for rickets

A

Nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism (thin poorly mineralised cortices and folding fractures)

35
Q

Clinical presentation of pituitary dwarfism

A

German shepherd, Spitz, Manchester terrier
Proportionate dwarfism
Alopecia/hyperpigmentation
Open physis
No guard cells in coat
Small testes/absent oestrus cycle

36
Q

Pituitary dwarfism affects the pars distalis, which hormone deficiencies occur?

A

Somatotropic, adenotrophic and thyroid stimulating hormone deficiencies

37
Q

Treatment of pituitary dwarfism

A

Cortisol, thyroxine and progestogens

38
Q

What is a valgus angular limb deformity?

A

Lateral deviation of the distal limb

39
Q

What is a varus angular limb deformity?

A

Medial deviation of the distal limb

40
Q

What causes an angular limb deformity?

A

Part of the growth plate closes prematurely

41
Q

Elbow osteochondrosis prognosis

A

Guarded

42
Q

Shoulder osteochondrosis prognosis

A

Good

43
Q

Stifle osteochondrosis prognosis

A

Poor

44
Q

Hock osteochondrosis prognosis

A

Poor

45
Q

Sites of osteochondrosis from common to rare

A

Elbow (very common)
Hock (uncommon)
Shoulder (rare)
Stifle (rare)
Lumbosacral (occasional)

46
Q

Underlying pathology of ostechondrosis

A

Failure of ossification of the articular cartilage

47
Q

Complication of ostechondrosis

A

Cartilage forms flap (osteochondrosis dissecans)
Subchondral bone can fracture

48
Q

Elbow dysplasia

A

Broad term encompassing all manifestations of osteochondrosis seen in elbow
Very common
Manifestations: fragmented medial coronoid, osteochondrosis dissecans (lesion of medial humeral condyle), ununited anconeal process, incomplete ossification of medial humeral epicondyle

49
Q

Clinical signs of elbow osteochondrosis

A

Chronic lameness, worse on rising
Pain on manipulation of joint particularly internal rotation (loads medial compartment)
Pain on flexion with ununited anconeal process
Joint effusion
Muscle atrophy

50
Q

Elbow dysplasia radiography positions

A

Flexed mediolateral and craniocaudal
(Extended mediolateral and craniocaudal view can also be helpful)

Highlight caudal aspect on anconeal process which is first place changes will be seen

51
Q

Changes on elbow radiography in elbow dysplasia

A

Osteochondrosis of medial humeral condyle
Fragmented medial coronoid
Ununited anconeal process
Ununited medial epicondyle (rare manifestation)

52
Q

Clinical signs of shoulder osteochondrosis

A

Lame on rising
Worse after exercise
Pain on shoulder extension
Scapular muscle atrophy

53
Q

Radiographs for shoulder osteochondrosis

A

Heavy sedation/GA
Mediolateral
Craniocaudal (trough with body slightly rotated away from plate)

54
Q

Classic radiographic finding in shoulder osteochondrosis

A

Flattening of caudal third of glenoid

55
Q

Treatment of shoulder oteochondrosis

A

Surgical management (remove fragment and debride deficit edges, forage bone bed to encourage healing with fibrocartilage)

56
Q

Stifle osteochondrosis clinical signs

A

Chronic lameness, especially on rising
Joint pain
Joint effusion
(Differential: early cruciate disease)

57
Q

Radiographs for stifle osteochondrosis

A

Mediolateral
Caudocranial/craniocaudal
(Superimpose femoral condyles)

58
Q

What is shown in this radiograph?

A

Stifle osteochondrosis (deficit to medial/lateral femorocondyle on caudolateral view, joint mouse in caudal joint pouch on mediolateral view, loss of subpatellar fat pad)

59
Q

How can the deficit be replaced in stifle osteochondrosis surgery after curetting deficit?

A

OAT (osteochondral autograft transfer) or SOR (synthetic osteochondral resurfacing)

60
Q

Diagnosis

A

OCD of medial trochlea of the talus (widened joint space, flattened aspect of caudal trochlea, sclerosis of subchondral bone, secondary arthritic changes)

61
Q

Surgical management of hock osteochondrosis

A

Removal of osteochondral fragment arthroscopically or with open arthrotomy
Salvage procedure: pantarsal arthrodesis

62
Q

Medical management of osteochondrosis

A

Weight control
NSAIDs

63
Q

Clinical signs of lumbosacral osteochondrosis

A

Usually no clinical signs
Instability, disc extrusion/protrusion and back pain

64
Q

Young dog hip evaluation

A

PennHip

Small Animal (Poppy) (20 decks)

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