Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Small Animal (Poppy) > Adult Lameness > Flashcards

Adult Lameness Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most likely cause of hindlimb lameness in dogs?

A

Cruciate disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Is cruciate disease commonly seen in cats?

A

No, occasionally seen in overweight cats or as part of severe stifle disruption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which meniscus is injured in cruciate disease?

A

Medial (lateral meniscus attached to femur so moves with it and not injured)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Function of cranial and caudal ligaments

A

Stabilise stifle preventing tibia moving forward or backward relative to femur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Tibial compression test

A

Identifies if cranial cruciate ligament is ruptured (forward movement of tibia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Cranial draw test

A

Identifies if cranial cruciate ligament is ruptured (forward movement of tibia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Stabilisation techniques for cruciate disease

A

Lateral fabello tibial suture
TPLO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Aetiology of cruciate disease (3 theories account for high prevalence in canine population)

A

Angle of tibial plateau (steeper = greater strain on cranial cruciate, West Highland terrier)
Autoimmune disease
Intercondylar width (narrow distance between medial and lateral femoral condyles = greater strain on cranial cruciate, Labrador retriever)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is 1? (Left canine stifle)

A

Cranial cruciate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is 2? (Left canine stifle)

A

Lateral meniscus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is 3? (Left canine stifle)

A

Medial meniscus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is 4? (Left canine stifle)

A

Insertion of cranial cruciate and intermeniscal ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Is the cranial cruciate a single structure?

A

Yes, broad band

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What movement does the cranial cruciate prevent?

A

Cranial movement of tibia in relation to femur when weight bearing, and limits internal rotation
Craniomedial component is taut in both extension and flexion, the caudolateral in extension only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What instability is caused with partial rupture of the cranial cruciate?

A

Instability in flexion only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Stifle menisci details

A

Two (lateral and medial) crescent shaped fibrocartilaginous structures
Broader at extremities where they have blood supply and innervation for pain and proprioception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Function of stifle menisci

A

Improve congruity of curved femoral condyles and flat surface of tibial plateau

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Why can’t the medial meniscus move with the tibia?

A

Attached to medial collateral ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How is the tibial plateau angle measured?

A

Stifle and tarsus flexed at 90 degrees, superimpose femoral condyles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How does ‘normal’ tibial plateau angle vary between breeds?

A

Greater in smaller breeds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Acute presentation of cruciate disease

A

Traumatic injury
May be accompanied by other injuries (collateral ligament rupture in cat with dislocated stifle)
10/10 lame, tentatively weight bear after 3-4 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Acute on chronic cruciate disease

A

Degenerative changes precede a more acute rupture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Chronic cruciate disease

A

Degenerative changes within cruciate, particularly seen in large breeds (most common presentation)
Lameness on rising
Swelling to medial aspect of stifle (medial buttress)
Swelling to stifle
Pain on extension and flexion
Palpable or audible click if concurrent meniscal injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Why might there be stability in stifle with chronic cruciate disease? (Negative response to cranial drawer test or tibial thrust)

A

Periarticular fibrosis (thickened joint capsule)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What disease is shown in this radiograph?
Cruciate disease (joint effusion with loss of sub-patella fat pad, osteoarthritis changes)
26
First site of osteophyte formation in cruciate disease
Fabellae
27
Conservative management for cruciate disease
Rest and analgesia for dogs <5kg and cats
28
How long should conservative management approach be attempted in cruciate disease (if no improvement seen)?
6 weeks, might be meniscal tear if no improvement
29
Adjuncts to rest and analgesia in conservative management of cruciate disease
Braces to support unstable stifle Physiotherapy Weight loss
30
Candidates for surgical management of cruciate disease
Large and athletic dogs Small dogs with steep tibial plateau angle (>30 degrees) Strong index of suspicion of meniscal injury (e.g. meniscal click on manipulation of joint)
31
Surgical treatment options for cruciate disease that reconstruct/replace ruptured ligament
Fabello-tibial suture (DeAngelis suture) Over the top (facia lata prosthesis) Tightrope technique (Arthrex)
32
Surgical approaches to managing the tibial thrust in cruciate disease
TPLO/tibial plateau levelling osteotomy TTA/tibial tuberosity advancement TTT/triple tibial osteotomy
33
What surgical treatment of cruciate disease is this?
Fabellotibial suture
34
What surgical treatment of cruciate disease is this?
TPLO
35
What surgical treatment of cruciate disease is this?
Closing wedge osteotomy
36
What surgical treatment of cruciate disease is this?
TTA
37
Does TTA or TPLO give superior results?
TPLO
38
Do TPLO and TTA stop cranial drawer?
No, dynamic techniques which only stabilise the stifle during weight bearing
39
How does TTA achieve stability in cruciate disease?
When tuberosity is advanced the pull of the quadriceps via the patella tendon is at right angles to the tibial plateau and this prevents cranial movement of the tibia when weight bearing
40
Prognosis of cruciate disease
Good but arthritis changes inevitable Meniscal tear develops in 10-15% of cases requiring surgery 25-40% of dogs rupture the cranial cruciate in the contralateral leg within one year of original injury
41
How should a partial cruciate tear be managed?
Like a full rupture, considered non-functional
42
Is patella luxation more commonly medial or lateral?
Medial (toy breeds, French bulldog and cavalier king charles spaniel)
43
Which type of patella luxation is the most debilatating?
Lateral in larger dogs (flat coat retriever)
44
Anatomy that predisposes to patella luxation
Femoral varus deformity
45
Surgical management of patella luxation
Deepen femoral trochlear sulcus (sulcoplasty) Adjust tension of soft tissues (loosen medial, tighten lateral) Move attachment point of tendon Straightening femur not recommended (invasive and moderate complication rate)
46
Over what surface is there cartilage loss in patella luxation?
Medial femoral trochlear ridge and articular surface of patella
47
Eburnation
Cartilage loss exposes underlying bone (marked crepitus)
48
What surgical technique may be considered when patella luxation is leading to articular cartilage loss?
Prosthetic trochlear groove
49
Downside of trocheoplasty in patella luxation
Exposes subchondral bone/initiates joint inflammation (osteophytosis progresses faster than with other surgeries)
50
In what dog might you consider a distal femoral corrective ostectomy for patella luxation?
Larger dogs with excessive femoral varus deformity (grade III/IV) or those in which tibial crest translocation has failed
51
What can be seen in this radiograph?
Medial patella luxation Remodelling of the patella
52
Use of CT in patella luxation
Produce transverse image and see exact location of patella This CT shows medial luxation of patella, osteoarthritis in medial stifle and healed femoral malunion with limb shortening
53
What species is this radiograph of and how do you know? What are the radiographic findings and likely cause? Is this common?
Cat Long patella Laterally luxated patella Trauma (tear of medial/lateral retinaculum causing subluxation in opposite direction) Common
54
Surgical management of grade I medial patella luxation
Lateral capsular overlap (tighten retinaculum on lateral aspect of joint)
55
Surgical management of grade II-IV patella luxation
Lateral capsular overlap Medial release (medial desmotomy) Trochlear groove (block recession or wedge sulcoplasty) Tibial crest translocation
56
What is the articular cartilage surface normally composed of and what is it replaced by after loss of cartilage following trocheoplasty?
Hyaline lost Replaced by fibrocartilage (poor substitute)
57
What type of trochlear groove recession is this?
Wedge recession
58
What type of trochlear groove recession is this?
Block recession (preferred, deeper groove proximally)
59
What plate is used in this femoral closing wedge ostectomy?
Supracondylar or hockey stick plate
60
Major differential to medial patella luxation
'Skipping terrier syndrome' No abnormality detectable on clinical exam Behavioural/stable but strained cruciate? Monitor carefully
61
Hip dysplasia development
Genetic predisposition but environmental factors (diet/exercise as a puppy) Puppies born with normal hips (normal at ~3m) Looseness/soft tissue laxity of hip joint (femoral head partially dislocates during exercise, clunk heard but not painful, weight on acetabular rim prevents development, femoral head also takes weight inappropriately) Osteoarthritis develops in hip joint
62
Dietary advice for a dog prone to hip dysplasia
Balanced mineral content (low level to increase osteoclast activity/skeletal remodelling, not too low to induce alimentary hyperparathyroidism with pathological fractures) High quality proteins Avoid excessive energy intake Weight reduction (prevent and treat)
63
Stride associated with hip dysplasia
Bunny hops and short strides
64
What is indicative of hip dysplasia regardless of radiographic findings?
Ortolani sign
65
Factors involved in hip dysplasia joint laxity (first clinical sign)
Joint capsule thickness Integrity of teres ligament Integrity of dorsal acetabular rim Muscle tension Synovial fluid (increased levels reduce congruency)
66
What is Barden's palpation?
Hip lift, greater trochanter lifted greater than 5-6mm = positive for hip dysplasia
67
Ortolani test
Clinical assessment of joint stability GA/heavy sedation Dorsal recumbency Angle of subluxation < angle of reduction
68
Conservative management of hip dysplasia
Analgesia Weight reduction Appropriate diet
69
Aim of early (young dog) surgical techniques in hip dysplasia
Improve joint congruency (TPLO, DPLO)
70
At what age must pubic symphysiodesis be performed for hip dysplasia
<16w
71
BVA hip dysplasia scheme
>1y Any dog L/R marker, microchip/tattoo no. and date on radiograph Maximum score 53 on each hip Appropriate to breed from any dog with
72
Techniques for older dogs with hip dysplasia
Pectineal myotomy Femoral head and neck ostectomy (salvage) Total hip replacement (salvage)
73
Examination of the lame dog and cat
Signalment History Clinical exam (palpation, lameness, neuro.) Treatment trial? Radiographs? Joint tap/arthrocentesis? Blood tests/serology? CT? MRI? Ultrasound? Arthroscopy? Biopsy? Electromyography?
74
Top 3 acute on chronic lamenesses in the mature animal
Cruciate rupture Pathological fracture Condylar fracture subsequent to HIF
75
Which soft tissue in the shoulder is most prone to strains?
Medial glenohumeral ligament
76
Bicipital tendonitis
Biceps tendon becomes inflamed or ruptures
77
Shoulder soft tissue condition seen in working dogs
Infraspinatus contracture (Rare, progressive, managed by sectioning tendon close to insertion point, good prognosis)
78
What is a requirement for a shoulder CT?
Contrast enhancement
79
Diagnosis of shoulder soft tissue conditions
Radiography Ultrasound CT/MRI Gold standard: arthroscopy
80
What is HIF?
Humeral intracondylar fissure
81
Diagnostic method of choice in HIF?
CT
82
Surgical management of humeral intracondylar fissure
Place large tronscondylar screw (CT to guide, probably never heal)
83
Most common carpal injury and presentation
Hyperextension (e.g. landing from large drop) Palmargrade stance, swollen carpus
84
How can you determine whether a hyperextension is at antebrachiocarpal, intercarpal or carpometacarpal level?
Radiograph, stressed views helpful
85
Treatment of carpal hyperextension injury
Partial or pancarpal arthrodesis (ligaments on palmar aspect will never heal)
86
Condition and treatment (Boxer/Springer Spaniel)
Incomplete ossification of the radiocarpal bone Pancarpal arthrodesis (healing unlikely, similar pathology to HIF)
87
What is this cause of chronic lameness in large exuberant dogs?
Stenosing tenosynovitis of the abductor pollicus longus strain
88
Carpal condition that is common in Collies, particularly the shetland sheepdog
Plantar ligament degeneration (causes proximal intertarsal subluxation with bilateral changes, progress to rupture and plantigrade stance)
89
Prognosis for tarsal injuries in the racing greyhound (subluxations/fractures of calcaneus and calcaneoquartal joint)
Poor, rarely race again
90
What causes a chronic, often bilateral, hindlimb lameness with characteristic clawing of foot?
Gastrocnemius tendinopathy
91
Treatment of gastrocnemius tendinopathy
Most common: pantarsal arthrodesis Resect tendon Calcaneal tibial screw/transarticular external fixator
92
What causes flipping movement of hindlimb outwards in mature german shepherd dog?
Gracilis contracture (progressive, no treatment)
93
Concurrent condition seen with medial patellar luxation
Cranial cruciate ligament rupture
94
7 month GSD What condition is this?
Ununited anconeal process

Small Animal (Poppy) (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions