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Small Animal (Poppy) > Exotics > Flashcards

Exotics Flashcards

1
Q

Risks of rabbit venipuncture

A

Spinal fractures, respiratory disease and stress

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2
Q

How do you calculate a safe blood volume to take from small mammals?

A

1% bodyweight or 10% circulating volume

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3
Q

Does rabbit blood clot quickly or slowly?

A

Quickly

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4
Q

Blood samples to take from a rabbit

A

EDTA for haematology
Lithium heparin for biochemistry
Fluoride oxalate for glucose
Two fresh blood smears
Glucometer reading

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5
Q

Blood tube for biochemistry in all exotic animals

A

Serum
Lithium heparin if restricted on volume

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6
Q

What should you do to venipuncture site in rabbits ~30m before sample is taken?

A

Emla cream for local anaesthetic

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7
Q

Venipunture sites in a rabbit

A

Marginal ear vein
Jugular
Cephalic and saphenous veins

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8
Q

Location for guinea pig blood samples

A

Cephalic vein
Cranial vena cava (large blood draws)

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9
Q

Location for small rodent venipuncture

A

Lateral tail vein (warm tail first)
Lateral saphenous vein (under GA)
Cranial vena cava

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10
Q

Ferret venipuncture sites

A

Jugular vein
Cranial vena cava

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11
Q

Does GA increase or decrease PCV in a ferret?

A

Decrease

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12
Q

Hedgehog venipuncture sites considering their thick skin

A

Femoral vein (easiest)
Cranial vena cava
Jugular vein (hard to visualise with thick skin)

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13
Q

Which venipuncture sites are likely to require GA in a hedgehog?

A

All of them

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14
Q

Technique for cranial vena cava blood sample

A

GA
Patient in dorsal recumbency, head extended
Needle placed at notch where first rib meets manubrium (uppermost sternum)
Advance towards contra-lateral hindlimb
30 degree angle until blood flush

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15
Q

Lymphatics in reptiles are closely linked to blood vessels, what is the problem with contamination of blood samples?

A

Affects PCV and some biochemistries

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16
Q

Is blood pressure in reptiles high or low?

A

Low, blood draws slowly

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17
Q

What must you always do when blood sampling from reptiles?

A

Take a fresh blood smear

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18
Q

Most suitable site for lizard venipuncture

A

Ventral coccygeal vein (1/3rd down tail to avoid hemipenes and anal glands, ventral or lateral approach)

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19
Q

In which size of snakes is it difficult to obtain a blood sample from the ventral coccygeal vein?

A

Small snakes

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20
Q

Sites for obtaining a blood sample in snakes

A

Ventral coccygeal vein
Heart (large volume)
Palatine (prone to haematoma)

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21
Q

Tortoise blood sampling sites

A

Jugular vein
Sub-carapacial vein
Dorsal coccygeal vein

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22
Q

Which tortoise venipuncture method doesn’t require GA or sedation as the neck can be extended or retracted?

A

Sub-carapacial vein

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23
Q

How do you calculate a safe volume of blood to collect from a reptile?

A

5-8% of bodyweight or 10% blood volume (but usually presented as anaemic so take half this volume to be safe)

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24
Q

What is the problem with EDTA for reptiles?

A

Haemolyses red blood cells

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25
Q

What is the anticoagulant of choice in exotic species?

A

Lithium heparin

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26
Q

What should you always do when taking blood samples for exotic species?

A

Make two fresh blood smears

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27
Q

Why is thorough skin preparation for venipuncture important in exotic species?

A

Skin is often heavily contaminated

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28
Q

Is anisocytosis and polychromasia a normal or abnormal finding in a rabbit? Why?

A

Normal and common due to short erythrocyte life span (57-67 days)

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29
Q

Lymphoid cell differences in rabbit blood compared to dog/cat blood

A

Heterophils (neutrophils) have granular cytoplasm
Basophils common
Neutrophil to lymphocyte ration 1:1

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30
Q

What cell is this in rabbit blood?

A

Heterophil (neutrophil)

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31
Q

What cell is produced by thymus under oestrogen stimulation in guinea pigs which is found in the blood?

A

Kurloff cell

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32
Q

Most abundant cell in guinea pig blood

A

Neutrophil

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33
Q

Do ferrets have blood groups?

A

No

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34
Q

Are ferret HCT, HB and RBC counts usually higher or lower than dogs/cats?

A

Higher

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35
Q

What is the difference between eosinophils and neutrophils in ferret blood?

A

Neutrophil: small, pale-red granules
Eosinophil: granules rounded and bright red

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36
Q

Which cells are nucleated in reptiles that aren’t in other species?

A

Erythrocytes and thrombocytes

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37
Q

Why shouldn’t you take blood samples too regularly in reptiles?

A

Takes 4 months to replenish

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38
Q

What cell type is this in a reptile blood sample? (Predominant cell type in reptiles)

A

Heterophil (equivalent to a neutrophil)

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39
Q

What time of year are lymphocyte levels lowest in reptiles?

A

Winter

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40
Q

What time of year are eosinophil levels lowest in reptiles? (Picture also shows two heterophils)

A

Summer

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41
Q

Do basophil levels in reptiles vary through seasons?

A

No

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42
Q

What cell in blood is unique to reptiles?

A

Azurophils, more common in snakes

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43
Q

When do monocytosis and azurophilia occur in reptiles?

A

Inflammation
Granulomatous disease

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44
Q

What cell is this in a reptile blood smear?

A

Monocyte

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45
Q

Primary lymphoid organs in birds

A

Bursa of Fabricius and thymus

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46
Q

Secondary lymphoid organs in birds

A

Spleen, intestinal lymphoid tissue, bone marrow

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47
Q

What cells develop in the thymus?

A

T-lymphocytes

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48
Q

Where are T and B-lymphocyte precursors produced in birds?

A

Embryonic yolk sac and bone marrow

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49
Q

What cell type is developed in the bursa of fabricius?

A

B-lymphocytes

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50
Q

How is a spleen in a bird different to a mammal?

A

Not a blood reservoir (smaller)

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51
Q

Spleen function in bird

A

Lymphopoiesis and antibody production

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52
Q

What cell type is the arrow pointing to in this avian blood smear?

A

Erythrocyte

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53
Q

What cell type is the arrow pointing to in this avian blood smear?

A

Thrombocyte

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54
Q

How quickly is blood loss replenished in birds?

A

Days

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55
Q

Are immature red blood cells a normal or abnormal finding in birds?

A

Normal (mild polychromasia/anisocytosis)

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56
Q

How are avian thrombocytes different to mammalian thrombocytes?

A

Phagocytic functions
Weaker clotting function
Originate from stem cells not megakaryocytes

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57
Q

Do birds have heterophils or neutrophils?

A

Heterophils (round cells, lobed basophilic nucleus, oval cytoplasmic granules, colourless cytoplasm)

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58
Q

Functions of heterophils in birds

A

Phagocytosis, bacteriocidal, acute inflammation

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59
Q

What cell type is labelled E in this avian blood smear?

A

Eosinophil

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60
Q

What cell type is labelled B in this avian blood smear?

A

Basophil

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61
Q

What are the lymphocytic bird species? (70% lymphocytes)

A

Amazon parrots and canaries

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62
Q

What is the largest leukocyte in an avian blood smear (but rare in the healthy bird)?

63
Q

What is the problem with EDTA in birds?

A

Can haemolyse red blood cells in some species

64
Q

Blood tube for haematology and biochemistry in avian species

A

Lithium heparin

65
Q

Is sedation/GA with gas or physical restraint lower risk in birds for blood sampling?

A

Sedation/GA

66
Q

Vein that can be used in all avian species

A

Jugular vein

67
Q

Vein that can be useful for a small blood sample in larger birds

A

Ulnar/basilic

68
Q

Problems with ulnar/basilic vein for blood sampling in bird

A

May fracture wing
Haematomas common

69
Q

Useful vein for blood sampling in poultry and waterfowl

A

Medial metatarsal (may need to pluck feathers)

70
Q

Safe blood volume to sample in birds that are healthy

71
Q

Best way to take a blood sample from a fish

A

Tail vein (similar technique to lizards)

72
Q

How do you GA a fish to take a blood sample?

A

Bowl of anaesthetic (MS-222/Aqua-Sed)
Bowl of dechlorinated (fresh) water for recovery

73
Q

How do you safely obtain a blood sample from a tarantula?

A

GA
Vein on dorsal midline of opisthosoma (abdomen)
Apply tissue glue if there is leakage

74
Q

What is the substance you are sampling when you obtain a ‘blood’ sample from a tarantula and what is its appearance?

A

Haemolymph, clear/blue

75
Q

What does a ‘tail bob’ suggest in a perched bird?

A

Respiratory difficulty

76
Q

What is A and C in this bird radiograph

77
Q

What is B in this bird radiograph?

78
Q

What is A in this bird radiograph?

79
Q

What is B in this bird radiograph?

A

Proventriculus

80
Q

What is 4/the purple structure in this bird radiograph?

A

Ventriculus

81
Q

What is 3/the yellow structure in this bird radiograph?

A

Liver (proventriculus underneath)

82
Q

What is 5 (green structure) in this bird radiograph?

A

Intestinal loops

83
Q

Where is the kidney in this bird radiograph?

84
Q

What does this faecal microscopy from a bird show?

A

Eimeria oocysts, Caryospora spp. (coccidiosis)

85
Q

What noises do you hear when doing chest auscultation on a rabbit?

A

Referred upper respiratory tract noises

86
Q

In rabbits is the thoracic cavity small or large in comparison with the abdominal cavity? What are the consequences of this?

A

Small (heart appears large)
Minor lung pathology = big clinical consequences
Must tilt head to prevent compression of the diaphragm by guts

87
Q

What are the two most important things to consider when an animal has a dermatology issue?

A

Husbandry and diet

88
Q

What is the most likely diagnosis for this lesion in a rabbit ear?

A

Mites (Psoroptes cuniculi)

89
Q

Which small mammal commonly suffers from mast cells?

90
Q

Most common skin tumour in small mammals

A

Trichofolliculomas

91
Q

Top two causes of alopecia in small mammals

A

Cystic ovaries
Hyperadrenocorticism

92
Q

Why do reptiles commonly suffer from skin burns?

A

Don’t have same sensation as mammals so stay too close to hot lamp

93
Q

Which mites is an acetate tape strip useful for?

A

Psoroptes (not Sarcoptes, too deep)

94
Q

How do you do a ‘skin scrape’ in a bird with their thin skin?

A

Thin skin, be gentle or use a cotton bud

95
Q

Diagnostic test for Parrot Beak and Feather Disease (virus)

96
Q

Clinical signs of dermatological disease in exotics

A

Alopecia
Erythema of skin
Desquamation
Broken/chewed hairs/feathers
Mass
Deformed beak/claws/shell
Pruritis
Old shed skin
Hyperkeratosis
Exudative lesions
Haematoma/petechiae
Ulcers/wounds

97
Q

Clinical signs of mites in small mammals

A

Desquamation
Erythema
Alopecia
Pruritis
Casts

98
Q

This lesion is caused by mites but was is another differential?

A

Dermatophytosis

99
Q

What is the cause of Cheyletiellosis in rabbits?

A

Rabbit not cleaning itself properly
(Arthritis, overweight, disease making animal weak/lethargic, dental issues)

100
Q

Clinical signs of mast cell tumour in ferrets

A

Small epidermal mass, dark
Benign but pruritic (remove for comfort)
Ulcerated

101
Q

Are there systemic signs with trichofolliculomas?

A

No, its benign

102
Q

Top differentials for beak and leg hyperkeratosis in a bird

A

Mites (Knemidocoptes) caused by stress
Hypovitaminosis A caused by deficiency in diet

103
Q

Problem with feather cyst in birds

A

Benign but prevents flight

104
Q

What is dysecdysis?

A

Abnormal shedding

105
Q

What can be a big problem with feeding reptiles live food?

A

Traumatic wounds from bites

106
Q

What dermatologic issue can develop for animals that live in water that isn’t appropriately filtered?

A

Dermatitis/skin ulcers

107
Q

Good topical treatment for skin disease in exotics

A

F10, a topical antifungal

108
Q

Treatment for mites in small mammals and birds

A

Ivermectin, Selamectin

109
Q

What treatment for mites can be used in ferrets but no other species?

A

Imidacloprid (Advocate)

110
Q

Treatment and prognosis for mast cell tumours and trichofolliculomas

A

Surgical excision, good prognosis

111
Q

Treatment for abscess in small mammals

A

Usually surgical
Topical
Antibiotics (C&S, must penetrate capsule)

112
Q

Treatment for myiasis in small mammals

A

Ivermectin/selamectin
Surgical debridement
Topical treatment

113
Q

Treatment for dermatophytosis in small mammals

A

Topical antifungal (F10), systemic antifungal (side effects)

114
Q

Systemic antifungals available for small mammals

A

Itraconazole, ketoconazole, terbinafine

115
Q

Two steps in treatment of dermatological disease in exotic species

A

Treat skin disease
Correct underlying cause

116
Q

Treatment of pododermatitis in birds

A

NSAID
Antibiotic (C&S)
Surgical debridement
Topical treatment

117
Q

What is a method of differentiating between feather loss and feather destructive behaviour?

A

If it is self inflicted the head will still be feathered (can’t pluck from head) although may have both concurrently

118
Q

What should the dietary Ca:P ratio be in birds and reptiles?

119
Q

Why might increasing dietary calcium not increase blood calcium levels?

A

Vitamin D is needed to absorb dietary calcium (Vitamin D2 found in plants, need UV-B and heat to convert to active D3)

120
Q

What 3 things do bearded dragons need for calcium metabolism?

A

UV-B light
Heat
Correct diet and supplements

121
Q

Which reptiles require dietary supplementation of calcium?

A

Herbivorous (tortoise)
Insectivorous (bearded dragons, captive raised insects have inverse Ca:P)
Carnivorous (snakes, if not fed whole prey)

122
Q

Which birds require calcium supplementation?

A

Laying birds (multiple clutches)
Insectivorous
Carnivorous (unless fed whole prey)

123
Q

How is calcium metabolism different in rabbits and guinea pigs to other species?

A

Can absorb dietary calcium using active (D2 to D3 in kidney by PTH) and passive methods (vitamin D not required, no feedback)

124
Q

How is excess calcium excreted in rabbits and guinea pigs?

125
Q

Clinical signs of pancreatic ademona (ferrets, hypoglycaemic)

A

Dysuria, pollakiuria, haematuria, thick/beige-brown urine, urine staining, abdominal pain

126
Q

What endocrine disease do you expect if ferrets have a swollen vulva and symmetrical hair loss?

127
Q

Which species commonly suffer from cystic ovaries (palpable, may also se hair loss)?

A

Guinea pigs

128
Q

What is a complication of persistent oestrus in the ferret?

129
Q

Clinical signs of metabolic bone disease

A

Anorexia
Lethargy/weakness
Abnormal gait
Bone deformities/swellings (mandible, long bones)
Constipation/egg binding/cloacal prolapse (lack of calcium = poor contractions)
Dysecdysis
Muscle tremors/fasciculationis/tetany

130
Q

If a bird had dyspnoea, regurgitation, dysphagia and thyroid goitres what disease would you suspect?

A

Hyperthyroidism

131
Q

What is a common consequence of space occupying disease in birds?

132
Q

Top 3 endocrine diseases in ferrets

A

Hyperadrenocorticism
Insulinoma
Persistent oestrus

133
Q

True or false, diabetes mellitus is diagnosed and treated the same way in ferrets as other species?

134
Q

What clinical signs would be seen with hypothyroidism in ferrets? (Rare)

A

Obesity and lethargy

135
Q

What causes adrenaline release and affects the cardiovascular system in ferrets in the same way as dogs/cats?

A

Phaeochromocytoma

136
Q

What is an important consequence of hypercalcaemia in guinea pigs?

A

Urolithiasis

137
Q

Reasons for bladder sludge/hypercalcaemia in rabbits?

A

Excess in diet
Dehydration
Not fully voiding bladder (partial obstruction, spondylosis, abdominal pain, reduced movement affecting stance e.g. arthritis/obesity)

138
Q

Causes of hypocalcaemia in reptiles

A

Nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism
Renal secondary hyperparathyroidism

139
Q

Consequences of hypercalcaemia in birds and reptiles

A

Soft tissue mineralisation
Nephrocalcinosis (visceral and articular gout)

140
Q

Which reptile has a bladder and commonly suffers from uroliths?

A

Tortoises (consist of uric acid, not calcium as in rabbits/guinea pigs)

141
Q

What is hyperostosis?

A

Calcium storage in medullary bone changes the pneumatic appearance to solid and dense material

142
Q

What is a dietary cause of thyroid hyperplasia (goiter) in birds?

A

Iodine deficiency

143
Q

Do birds or reptiles suffer from medullary hyperostosis?

144
Q

In which exotic species is urinalysis useful to assess urinary function?

A

Rabbits and guinea pigs

145
Q

What is the risk of cystocentesis in hind gut fermenters?

A

Peritonitis

146
Q

Which form of calcium should be measured in birds and reptiles?

147
Q

What is this radiographic abnormality?

A

Bladder sludge

148
Q

Treatment options for ferret insulinoma

A

Prednisolone +/- drugs that inhibit insulin secretion (e.g. diazoxide or somatostatin analogue)
Surgery (partial pancreatectomy)
Diet changes (high protein and fat, low carbohydrate, small/frequent meals)

149
Q

Medical treatment for metabolic bone disease

A

Give calcium (oral, IV or slow IM)
Cage rest and analgesia
Apply splints to recent/unstable fractures
Diazepam +/- anaesthesia (seizuring birds)
Deslorelin implant (egg laying birds)
Euthanasia if severe

150
Q

Is surgical treatment for fractures indicated or contraindicated for metabolic bone disease?

A

Contraindicated as bones too weak

151
Q

Parasite responsible for this condition

A

Knemidocoptes

152
Q

Treatment of cryptosporidium if other reptiles

A

Euthanasia

153
Q

What are 1, 2 and 3 in this bone marrow smear? (Not exotic, in wrong set!)

A

1: Neutrophil
2: Normoblast
3: Monocyte

154
Q

Why is PUPD uncommon

Small Animal (Poppy) (20 decks)

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