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Small Animal (Poppy) > Dental > Flashcards

Dental Flashcards

1
Q

What age do permanent teeth erupt in dogs and cats?

A

3-6 months

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2
Q

Do teeth erupt later in small dogs or large dogs?

A

Small

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3
Q

When should permanent teeth erupt and at what age should animals have a check up to ensure permanent teeth are erupting correctly?

A

When deciduous teeth are ready to fall out
5 months

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3
Q

What age do deciduous teeth erupt in dogs?

A

3-6 weeks

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4
Q

What age do deciduous teeth erupt in cats?

A

2-8 weeks

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5
Q

Mesial

A

Closer to rostral central midline of skull

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6
Q

Distal

A

Further from rostral central midline of skull

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7
Q

Labial

A

Outer aspect of front teeth

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8
Q

Buccal

A

Next to teeth

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9
Q

Lingual

A

Next to tongue, lower teeth

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10
Q

Palatal

A

Next to palate, upper teeth

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11
Q

Occlusal

A

Biting edge

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12
Q

Which of these photos shows a mature tooth?

A

Right: apical delta (root) is fully formed

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13
Q

Which part of the tooth must be protected for longevity?

A

Periodontium

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14
Q

4 tissues that make up the periodontium

A
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15
Q

Steps in anaesthetised oral investigation

A

Induction
Intubation
Extra-oral exam (head and neck)
Run mouth around with chlorhexidine solution (1-2%)
Observe tissues in mouth (tongue and mucogingival line) for ulceration, abscesses and neoplasia
Debulk calculus
Probe
Chart
Radiograph
Biopsy

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16
Q

Probes in dental exam

A

Periodontal (measure depth of sulcus, walk around tooth, look for bleeding/pockets/gingival recession)
Explorer (scratches tooth, look for disparity in enamel)

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17
Q

Things recorded on a dental chart

A

Gingivitis score (G0-4)
Periodontal pocket (mm)
Gingival recession (mm)
Furcation involvement (F0-3)
Mobility (M0-3)

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18
Q

What makes a fracture complicated?

A

Exposed pulp

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19
Q

What happens when a deciduous tooth is fractured?

A

Normal mechanisms lost so tooth retained

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20
Q

When a tooth is discoloured can it recover?

A

Yes in acute presentation
If chronic/darker/more of tooth then the tooth is dead

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21
Q

Which tooth is non-vital?

A

Left canine (tooth maturation has stopped)
Chronic discolouration

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22
Q

What is the pathology?

A

Jaw fracture

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23
Q

What is the pathology?

A

Intrusion (incisor in nasal cavity)

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24
Q

Types of luxation/subluxations

A

Lateral (side to side)
Intrusion (tooth pushed in)
Extrusion
Avulsion (tooth comes out)

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25
Q

How do you manage a tooth avulsion?

A

Handle by crown only
Rinse off debris with saliva/Hartmann’s/saline/milk
Put it back in

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26
Q

What causes this brown/black discolouration?

A

Wear with reparative tertiary dentine

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27
Q

When is a root canal indicated?

A

Pulp necrosis with healthy periodontal attachment

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28
Q

Treatment of caries

A

Fillings (referral)
Extraction (severe)

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29
Q

What are these lesions?

A

Resorptive (start at root and move towards crown)

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30
Q

What dental pathology can exit at skin?

A

Periodontitis

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31
Q

Periodontal therapy

A

Gingivoplasty/gingivectomy
Management
Tooth salvage
Periodontal surgery

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32
Q

Viral causes of gingivitis/stomatitis in cats

A

Herpes
Calicivirus
FIP
FeLV

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33
Q

Sensitive toothpaste used in animals

A

Arginine and Strontium
(Not fluoride, highly toxic)

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34
Q

Why must persistent deciduous dentition be removed?

A

Leads to malocclusion

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35
Q

Non-specific, collective term for a gingival mass

A

Equilides

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36
Q

Classes of malocclusion

A

Class 1: dental
Class 2: skeletal (maxilla>mandible/overshot)
Class 3: skeletal (mandible>maxilla/undershot)

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37
Q

Site preparation before surgical tooth extraction

A

Scale (remove calculus)
Polish?
Flush (remove polish debris)
Disinfect (1-2% Chlorhexidine)

38
Q

Simple/closed extraction

A

No flap, no bone removal
Teeth that should come out easily (single rooted/multi-rooted turned into single/mobile dentition)

39
Q

Benefits of simple/closed extraction when done well

A

Tissue preservation
Faster healing
Reduced discomfort

40
Q

Surgical/open extraction

A

Flap made to see bone over tooth root, bone removal
Difficult teeth (multi-rooted sectioned, immobile teeth, root remnants, persistent deciduous)

41
Q

How do you cut the epithelial attachment between periodontal tissues and tooth root?

A

Intra-sulcular releasing incision

42
Q

Luxation

A

Cut periodontal fibres

43
Q

Elevation

A

Fatigue periodontal ligament fibres and expand alveolus

44
Q

Flap closure in surgical dental extractions

A

Good, secure bite through gingiva (not mucosa)
No tension (dehiscence)
Appositional and everting patterns (interrupted: simple/cruciate/mattress, continuous)
Suture material (reverse cutting needle, monocryl/poliglecaprone 4-0/5-0 or vicryl rapide/polyglactin 4-0/5-0)

45
Q

How many sections are maxillary carnassials sectioned into?

A

3

46
Q

Do mandibular or maxillary canines have more bone? What does this mean?

A

Maxillary have more bone, use elevators
Mandibular have less bone, use luxators (rotation more likely to lead to tooth fracture)

47
Q

When does wound breakdown typically occur after dental surgery?

A

3-5 days

48
Q

Common oral tumours in dogs

A

(Most malignant)
Malignant melanoma
Squamous cell carcinoma

49
Q

Most common oral tumour in cats

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

50
Q

Other malignant oral tumours (less common)

A

Fibrosarcoma
Osteosarcoma
Multilobular osteochondrosarcoma

51
Q

Benign oral tumours

A

Acanthomatous ameloblastoma (locally invasive)
Peripheral odontogenic fibroma

52
Q

Mandible and maxilla blood supply

A

Major/minor palatine arteries

53
Q

Benign growth of gum margin derived from cells of periodontal ligament

A

Epulis/peripheral odontogentic fibroma

54
Q

What surgery has this dog had?

A

Bilateral rostral mandibulectomy

55
Q

What surgery has this dog had?

A

Maxillectomy (dog can eat/drink)

56
Q

What is this and how is it caused?

A

Rannula due to interference with salivary glands (dealt with by marsupialisation)

57
Q

Primary cleft palate

A

Lip

58
Q

Secondary cleft palate

A

Along roof of mouth affecting hard palate, soft palate or both soft and hard palate

59
Q

Failure of soft palate to form around one/both tonsillar crypts (pseudovalvular)

A

Palatine hypoplasia

60
Q

Which type of cleft palate has clinical signs (stunted growth due to poor weight gain, breathing difficulties upon exertion, coughing/gagging when eating and drinking) and requires surgery?

A

Secondary

61
Q

Salivary glands

A

Parotid, zygomatic, submandibular and sublingual

62
Q

What does this dog have?

A

Submandibular mucocoele

63
Q

Best treatment for mucocoele

A

Removal of mandibular and sublingual glands (attached so must remove both)

64
Q

What is this injury and what is the most common cause?

A

Oronasal fistula

65
Q

Why do cats commonly suffer from symphyseal seperation?

A

No bony union in mandible, ligamentous attachment

66
Q

How do you stabilise a rostral maxillary fracture?

A

Orthodontic buttons/elastics
Acrylic splint over buttons and elastics

67
Q

How is a rostral mandibular fracture treated?

A

Remove fragment and attach labial to buccal mucosa
Consider repair with dental acrylic if site is vascularised

68
Q

Acute stick injury

A

<7 days
Oral pain, dysphagia, blood stained saliva

69
Q

Chronic stick injury

A

> 7 days
Cervical swelling with/without discharging sinus (owner has pulled stick out but some FB stays in and creates abscess)

70
Q

How is an acute stick injury treated?

A

Remove piece of wood
Leave hole open to drain
Scope (rigid endoscope) tract to confirm removal/identify foreign material if gone through back of pharynx

71
Q

How is a chronic stick injury treated?

A

Abscess developed, sinogram to identify tract

72
Q

Post operative management after stick injury

A

Broad spectrum antibiotics (7-14d, clav. amox. for gram +ve, cephalosporin for gram -ve and +ve, fluroquinolone for gram -ve with C&S, metranidazole for anaerobic coverage)
Analgesia
Harness, not collar and lead
Feed as normal (moistened/wet?)

73
Q

Complications of stick injury/treatment of stick injury

A

Recurrence/development of a discharging sinus
Pyrexia
Neck pain
Bacteraemia
Nerve damage
Dysphagia

74
Q

Gingival inflammation that is reversible with plaque removal

A

Gingivitis

75
Q

Pathogenesis of gingivitis

A

Plaque bacteria adjacent to gingiva, initially gram positive aerobes
Build up of bacteria in sulcus
Formation of biofilm
Undisturbed bacterial coat for 48h+ allows growth of anaerobes
Host responds with gingival inflammation (gingivitis) but not very effective as bacteria not in tissues

76
Q

How does plaque turn to calculus/tartar?

A

Plaque biofilm mineralised by saliva

77
Q

Gingivitis score

A

G0: no gingivitis

78
Q

Gingivitis score

A

G1: some gingivitis, no bleeding

79
Q

Gingivitis score

A

G2: oedema and erythema with a little blood on probing

80
Q

Gingivitis score

A

G3: erythema and oedema which bleeds readily when probed

81
Q

Irreversible sequel to gingivitis if untreated

A

Periodontitis

82
Q

How does the damage progress from A-D?

A

A: health
B: loss of tissue with oedema (gingivitis) improving environment for bacteria
C: periodontitis (attachment loss and vertical bone loss)
D: horizontal bone loss, root is exposed

83
Q

Systemic risk factors for periodontal disease

A

Underlying disease (diabetes mellitus)
Immune compromise (stress)

84
Q

Local risk factors for periodontal disease

A

Site specific disease = plaque retention
e.g. calculus, overcrowding, trauma, gingival abnormalities such as hyperplasia, foreign bodies

85
Q

Local complications of periodontal disease

A

Adjacent teeth effected
Abscess (due to periodontitis)
Bone loss (osteitis/osteomyelitis with aggressive progression)
Stomatitis (inflammation beyond mucogingival line)
Ulceration (contact between mucosa/tooth surface)
Faucitis (inflammation at back of mouth, if adjacent to periodontitis)

86
Q

Systemic complications of periodontal disease

A

Bacteraemia
Dissemination to organs (kidneys, endocarditis, liver)
Pregnancy/performance affected

87
Q

Best tool for debulking calculus before charting

A

Hand scale
(Calculus forceps can break teeth/damage enamel)

88
Q

What hand scaler is in the red circle and what is it used for?

A

Scaler: supragingival only, sharp with cutting edges

89
Q

What hand scaler is in the blue circle and what is it used for?

A

Curette: supra and subgingival, rounded tip

90
Q

What tools are available for scaling?

A

Hand scalers
Sonic (slow)
Ultrasonic (fast and efficient but heating)

91
Q

Best homecare for teeth

A

Brushing (soft-medium bristle brush daily)

92
Q

What is helpful alongside brushing for aggressive periodontitis?

A

Mouth wash with chlorhexidine 30m before/after food

Small Animal (Poppy) (20 decks)

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