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Small Animal (Poppy) > Dermatology > Flashcards

Dermatology Flashcards

1
Q

Layers of skin

A

Epidermis
Dermis
Subcutis

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2
Q

Which layer of skin is immunological barrier?

A

Dermis

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3
Q

Mediator in atopic dermatitis

A

IgE

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4
Q

Factors contributing to atopic dermatitis

A

Skin barrier
Immune system (allergy)
Bacteria and yeast

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5
Q

Main bacteria to consider in dysbiosis

A

Staphylococcus pseudintermedius

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6
Q

Main yeast to consider in dysbiosis

A

Malassezia pachydermatitis

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7
Q

What type of pyoderma is a ‘hotspot’

A

Surface pyoderma

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8
Q

Surface pyoderma that affects face folds

A

Intertrigo

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9
Q

Pathogens more often involved in superficial pyoderma

A

Staphylococcus

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10
Q

Presentation of superficial pyoderma

A

Papules
Pustules
(Epidermal collarettes)
(Patchy alopecia in short coat dogs)

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11
Q

Parts of a diff quik stain

A

Fixative
Eosinophilic
Basophilic

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12
Q

When to use impression smear

A

Moist lesions on flat skin

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13
Q

Which part of diff quik stain shouldn’t be used on ear wax?

A

Fixative

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14
Q

Lesions suitable for acetate tape strip

A

Skin folds, between toes, lip folds
‘Dry’ lesions

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15
Q

How do you stain acetate tape strip?

A

Diff quik but not fixative

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16
Q

How do you get a cytology sample for a pustule?

A

Lance and do impression smear

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17
Q

Which type(s) of pyoderma should you use topical therapy for?

A

Surface and superficial

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18
Q

Which type(s) of pyoderma should you use systemic therapy for?

A

Deep

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19
Q

Systemic therapy options for infectious skin disease

A

Anti-inflammatory/anti-pruritic
Antibiotics/antifungals
Supplement with omega oils (skin barrier)
Microbiome probiotics?

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20
Q

Topical therapies available for skin disease

A

Glucocorticoids/immune modulating
Antibiotics/antifungals
Antiseptics
Topical skin barrier support (ophytrium, ceramides, fatty acids/omega oils)
Topical probiotics?

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21
Q

Type I hypersensitivity

A

Cross linking of IgE molecules on mast cell wall surface by allergen = degranulation and tissue inflammation

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22
Q

Canine atopic dermatitis

A

Environmental/food induced
Common chronic, relapsing, pruritic and inflammatory skin syndrome
Type I hypersensitivity/IgE antibodies

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23
Q

Cutaneous reaction patterns of cats

A

Face, head and neck pruritis
Self induced alopecia
Miliary dermatitis
Eosinophilic granuloma complex (granulomas/ulcers/plaques)

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24
Q

What are the main three allergic conditions in cats

A

FASS (feline atopic skin syndrome)
FFA (feline food allergy)
FAD (flea allergic dermatitis)

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25
Q

Systematic approach to cat skin condition

A
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26
Q

Contact irritant dermatitis

A

Often >1 animal
Nature of substance, not hypersensitivity

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27
Q

Contact hypersensitivity

A

Type IV reaction
Affects isolated individual
Lesion in area of contact, particularly sparsely haired region
Patch test?

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28
Q

What hypersensitivity causes vasculitis in a vaccine reaction?

A

Type III

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29
Q

Drug reaction

A

Can manifest as almost any type of cutaneous lesion or reaction pattern
Any type of hypersensitivity
Variable pruritis
Most commonly antibiotics (potentiated sulphonamides)

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30
Q

Eosinophilic folliculitis/furunculosis

A

Reaction to presumed arthropod bite
Acute onset, highly pruritic

31
Q

Established allergy tests (CAD)

A

Allergen specific IgE serology testing
Intradermal testing

32
Q

Elimination diet options

A

Hydrolysed (common protein, convenient, expensive, may still react, use soy not chicken)
Limited antigen (novel protein and carbohydrate, convenient, cheaper)
Home cooked (cheaper?, know ingredients?, client compliance poor, not nutritionally balanced)

33
Q

Why would you do IgE serology in CAD work up?

A

Select environmental allergens for allergen-specific immunotherapy

34
Q

Treatment options for CAD

A

Glucocorticoids (effective, cheap, anti-pruritic and anti-inflammatory, topical or oral)
Oclacitinib (anti-pruritic, dogs only, oral)
Lokivetmab (block IL-31 = anti-pruritic, dogs only, SC, any age/kidney/liver, can combine with other therapies)
Ciclosporin (anti-inflammatory and anti-pruritic, dogs and cats, expensive, oral, T-cell suppressor so don’t use 2w before/after vaccs. or in cats with FeLV/FIV/toxoplasmosis, slow onset)

35
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

Depressed/heat seeking
Epidermis thin, dermis thicker (myxoedema)
Non-pruritic unless secondary bacterial pyoderma/Malassezia
Treatment: thyroid supplementation

36
Q

Hyperadrenocorticism

A

Normal demeanor, older dogs
Dilute urine (SG<1.015)
Epidermis thin, dermis thin (see vessels/bruising due to reduced collagen)
Rarely pruritic
Calcinosis cutis/marked skin elasticity
Treatment: Trilostane

37
Q

Hyperoestrogenism

A

Uncommon
Bilateral symmetrical alopecia, trunk/ventrum/caudal thighs/neck
Hyperpigmentation
Sexually attractive to males
Severe anaemia/pancytopaenia
Epidermis thin
Linear preputial oedema
Treatment: castration

38
Q

Cyclic flank alopecia

A

Common
Bilateral symmetrical alopecia, truncal/clear borders, improves in summer
Biopsy useful
Treatment: melatonin supplementation 2-3m

39
Q

Alopecia X

A

Rare
Bilaterally symmetrical alopecia
Disease of elimination (17-OH progesterone/biopsy highly suggestive)
Treatment: castration? Melatonin? Purely cosmetic

40
Q

Inflammatory causes of alopecia

A

Infectious agents (bacterial folliculitis, dermatophytosis)
Parasitic (demodicosis, leishmaniasis)
Immune mediated (alopecia areata, dermatomyositis, sebaceous adenitis)

41
Q

Likely diagnosis

A

Bacterial folliculitis
(Short coat pyoderma and neutrophils with intracellular bacteria)

42
Q

Most common species causes dermatophytosis/ringworm

A

Microsporum canis

43
Q

Which dermatophytosis species can resemble deep pyoderma clinically?

A

Trichophyton species

44
Q

Diagnosis of dermatophytosis

A

Wood’s lamp
Trichography (arthrospores/’soap bubbles’ surround hair shaft/hyphae within hair)
Dermatophyte test medium in house
External lab fungal culture +/- PCR (gold standard, coat brush/Mackenzie technique)
Biopsy (spores)

45
Q

Treatment of dermatophytosis

A

Topical: miconazole shampoo 2-3 times a week
Environmental: isolate, sodium hypochlorite 1:10 (bleach)
Systemic: itraconazole

46
Q

Meaning of a colour change in fungal culture

A

Positive

47
Q

What is the parasite?

A

Demodex mite (D. canis/injai/catai, short bodied D. gatoi in cat)
Skin commensal (juveile/immune suppression)
Localised to generalised alopecia
Follicular casting/comedones/greasy +/- bacterial infection
Skin scrape/hair pluck
Treatment: flurolaner/afoxolaner until 2-3 negative skin scrapes (Q4w)

48
Q

Immune mediated alopecia

A

Sebaceous adenitis (truncal hair, poodle)
Dermatomyositis (face/bony prominences, collies)
Alopecia areata (regrowth of white hair, trichogram: ! mark hairs)

49
Q

Hair growth phases

A

Anagen (growth)
Catagen (transition)
Teolgen (resting/falls out)

50
Q

Hair synthesis defects

A

Pattern alopecia (Dashchund)
‘Bald thigh syndrome’ (Sighthounds)
Follicular dysplasia (wear points, water spaniel/dog)
Black hair follicle dysplasia (black hairs dull/lost)
Colour dilution alopecia (blue/fawn coats)
Anagen defluxation/effluvium (no whiskers, chemo/severe illness)

51
Q

Most common cause of crusting in the dog

A

Superficial pyoderma

52
Q

Diseases presenting primarily as crusting

A

Pemphigus foliaceus (pustules, seen as crusting)
Canine juvenile sterile granulomatous dermatitis and lymphadenitis (‘puppy strangles’)
Squamous cell carcinoma/solar dermatitis
Feline acne
Calcinosis cutis
Superficial necrolytic dermatitis
Facial dermatitis of Persians

53
Q

What is feline acne often secondary to?

A

Dermatophytosis
Demodicosis
Malassezia
Pyoderma
Furunculosis

54
Q

Calcinosis cutis

A

Calcium deposition in skin

55
Q

Treatment of facial dermatitis in Persians

A

Ciclosporin +/- prednisolone
(Anti yeast therapy as usually also have Malassezia)

56
Q

Superficial necrolytic dermatitis (‘hepatocutaneous syndrome’)

A

Hyperkeratosis of foot pads/crusting
Keratinocyte death due to end-stage liver disease/pancreatic atrophy/glucagonomas
Histopathology, US abdomen, liver biopsy
Dietary supplementation/treat secondary infections
Poor prognosis

57
Q

Treatment of pemphigus foliaceous

A

Immunosuppressive systemic glucocorticoids +/- topical, titrated

58
Q

Sterile granulomatous condition affecting face, pinnae, ears and submandibular lymph nodes of puppy

A

Juvenile sterile granulomatous dermatitis
(Pyogranulomatous and sterile inflammation, confirm with biopsy, treatment: immunosuppressive prednisolone +/- ciclosporin and topical washes, can scar so treat quickly)

59
Q

Ectoparasite causing dorsal scale that is zoonotic

A

Cheyletiellosis

60
Q

Flea control active in environment and on adult fleas

A

Imadocloprid and selamectin

61
Q

Zn-responsive dermatosis

A

Type I: genetic, husky
Type II: nutritional restriction in rapidly growing dog
Crusted hyperkeratosis on side of face/hocks
Supplement zinc

62
Q

Ichthyosis of the Golden Retriever

A

Scale/secondary otitis
Genetic (abnormal cleavage of corneodesmosome)
Symptomatic treatment

63
Q

Canine ear margin seborrhoea

A

Relatively uncommon, Dachshunds/hypothyroidism
Adherent keratin on medial a lateral sides of pinna, follicular casts, secondary infection, fissures
Edge resection biopsy
Treatment: incurable, anti-seborrhoeic shampoo, moisturisers, fissures treated with steroids/surgery

64
Q
A

Nasodigital hyperkeratosis
Cut off, hydrate keratin, essential fatty acids

65
Q
A

Nasal parakeratosis of Labrador retrievers
Do not breed
Topical vitamin E, petroleum jelly and retinoids

66
Q
A

Footpad hyperkeratosis of Dogue de Bordeaux
Biopsy/genetic tes
50% propylene glycol soaks, retinoids

67
Q

Common complication of callus

A

Deep pyoderma

68
Q

Idiopathic sebaceous adenitis

A

Dry scale, hair loss
Biopsy: absent sebaceous glands
Treatment: lubricating shampoo, fatty acid/oil supplementation, ciclosporin

69
Q

Topical agents for scaling conditions

A

Sulphur (keratoplastic/lytic, antibacterial/fungal)
Salicylic acid (keratolytic, synergistic with sulphur)
Selenium sulphide (keratoplastic/lytic)
Moiturisers (zinc-gluconate, d-panthemol, lipsomes, glycerin, propylene glycol, urea, vaseline)

70
Q

Infection in facial fold dermatitis (intertrigo)?

A

Surface pyoderma

71
Q

Treatment for CAD that is a calcineurin inhibitor which reduces release of inflammatory mediators

A

Ciclosporin

72
Q

Lesion that presents with pruritis

A

Epidermal collarettes

73
Q

Most effective treatment for canine demodicosis

A

Amitraz washes every 5-7 days
(The only canine skin mite for which selamectin is ineffective)

74
Q

Best flea adulticide for dog with FAD bathed 3 times weekly in mionazole/chlorhexidine shampoo

A

Spinosad

Small Animal (Poppy) (20 decks)

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