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Urinary Flashcards

1
Q

What is the development of the urinary system tied to?

A

The development of the reproductive system

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2
Q

Where does the formation of the gonads happen?

A

Close to the posterior abdominal wall
*They are large and indifferent gonads (testi or ovary)

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3
Q

What is besides the gonad?

A

A ridge of tissue that will develop in 3 parts
1. Pro-nephros
2. Meso-nephros
3. Meta-nephros

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4
Q

What are the first primitive kidneys?

A

Pro-nephros (highest on the abdominal wall)

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5
Q

What shoots off of the meta-nephros?

A

meta-nephric blastema
*will develop its own set of tissues

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6
Q

Where does the grown-up kidneys grow from?

A

Meta-nephric blastema

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7
Q

Where does the meta-neprhic blastema originate from?

A

Meta-nephros
*which is low in the abdominal cavity and needs to migrate up higher

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8
Q

What happens as the meta-nephric blastema migrates upwards?

A
  1. The meta-neprhic tubule will drag along with it
    *becomes a ureter
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9
Q

What does the meta-nephric tubule attach to?

A

Attaches to the metanephros (will become the urinary bladder)

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10
Q

What happens to the metanephros that is not attached to the reproductive parts?

A
  1. The indifferent gonad will develop into testis
  2. The duct components will connect to the testis and will become vas deferens
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11
Q

Where will the testis move to?

A
  1. Move to the scortum by moving downward THEN
  2. The gubernaculum will pull the gonad down UNTIL
  3. It gets to the inguinal canal created by rolling up the inferior fibers of the anterior wall musculature
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12
Q

What is the wolffian ducts?

A

The vas deferens

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13
Q

What does the developing metanephros fuse together to create?

A

Will create a cloaca type structure

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14
Q

What is a cloaca?

A

Hole that shares pee and poop
*Transitionary structure in embryos

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15
Q

What does the cloaca eventually become?

A
  1. Urinary bladder
  2. Rectum
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16
Q

Why does the right kidney sit lower?

A

Bc of the liver

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17
Q

What is the most dorsal aspect of the body?

A

The kidneys
*vulnerable to impact

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18
Q

How many fat pads do the kidneys have?

A

Two
1. Para
2. Peri

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19
Q

How much of the cardiac output do the kidneys receive?

A

25%

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20
Q

What type of epithelium does the bladder have?

A

Transitional epithelium
*changes histological appearance whether the bladder is full or empty

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21
Q

Type of cells when the bladder is full?

A

Stratified squamous (flat)

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22
Q

Types of cells when the bladder is empty?

A

rounded

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23
Q

How does urine move from the kidneys to the bladder?

A

By peristalsis
*longitudinal and circular musculature that lines the ureter

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24
Q

What type of valve is in the ureter?

A

Spiral valve that allows urine to come in (tonic)

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25
What is the outer part of the kidney?
Cortex
26
What s the inner part of the kidney?
medullary part *arranged in a triangular structures
27
What is the tip point of the medullary pyramid?
Points to the draining tubule apparatus (minor calyces)
28
What are between the medullary pyramids?
Renal columns
29
What is the purpose of the medullary pyramids
Cleaning the blood
30
What are the types of cells in the kidneys?
1. Cortical nephrons (80%) 2. Justamedullary nephrons (20%) (doing most of the work, deeper within the kidneys)
31
What are the two parts of the nephron?
1. Tubular part 2. Vascular part
32
Where is the Afferent arterial going towards?
The nephron
33
What happens when the Afferent arteriole reaches the first part of the tubule component of the nephron?
will weave in and out and tangle up on itself in the glomerulus
34
Where is the efferent arteriole going?
Away from the glomerulus (small lumen)
35
Where does blood from the Afferent arteriole come from?
Systemic circulation *brings urea to the glomerulus
36
Where does the tubule part start?
Starts to wrap itself around the glomerulus (Bowman’s capsule)
37
Is it okay if formed element of the blood are in the urine?
No (filtration is messed up) *only plasma can be there
38
What is the purpose of the nephron
To pull out metabolic waste (urea) and regulate ion concentration
39
What will the nephron use to get rid of metabolic waste?
Water
40
What is responsibility of the tubular epithelium?
To reabsorb and secrete things *Microvilli are present which will increase the likelihood of things moving across the membrane
41
What is influence the collecting duct?
ADH *collecting duct will be permeable to water,the water will be allowed to leave and go backs to the medullary interstitial then the vasa Recta
42
What if the collecting duct is not under the influence of ADH?
Water will get peed out
43
What substances will allow us to pee out a large amount of dilute urine?
Ethanol and caffeine
44
What is the purpose of the proximal convoluted tubule?
Substances will be reabsorbed moving into medullary space
45
Is the ascending loop of henle permeable to water ?
NO
46
Is the descending loop of henle permeable to water?
Yes
47
What is the purpose of the collecting duct?
The last chance to reabsorb water *will lead into the minor caloyx
48
Why aren’t formed elements of the blood allowed in Bowman’s capsule?
They are to big Need them for other things
49
Why do we allow so much water to go through filtration?
1. Need a certain volume to keep the waste product solvent 2. Ingesting a lot of water will keep the urea dissolved
50
What does glomerular filtration allow for?
Plasma to enter Bowman’s capsule
51
Where reabsorption happen?
In the proximal convoluted tubule
52
What can the proximal convoluted tubule reclaim?
1. Glucose 2. Salt 3. Potassium 4. Ions 5. Amino acids
53
What is the vasa recta?
Extension of the efferent arteriole
54
What is the descending branch (loop of henele) permeable to?
Water
55
What is the descending branch (loop of henele) pointed to?
The pointy edge of the medullary pyramid (more conc)
56
Where does water want to go in the descending loop of henele?
Wants to leave the tubule and dilute the higher concentration
57
What happens to the water if it does leave the ascending loop of henele?
It will be reabsorb, goign back into the bloodstream
58
In the ascending loop of henele is water permeable?
No
59
What is the ascending loop of henele moving?
Salt etc *by active transport *forcing against conc gradient
60
What is the purpose of the distal convulted tubule?
Secretion
61
What is being secreted?
Drugs, chemical, components that is not usable by the body
62
What happens if you need to reclaim water?
Aquaporins will allow water to move out of the collecting duct
63
What does auto regulation do?
1. Small local adjustments made to blood flow in the kidneys to maintain normal glomerular filtration rate
64
What does the SNS do to the renal component?
Vasoconstriction *of the nephron function
65
What is renin?
Secreted by the juxtaglomerular cells when blood flow in the Afferent arteriole is reduced
66
What will renin act on?
Angiotensin I
67
What will force more blood into the kidneys?
ACE will convert angiotensin I to angiotensin II (systemic vasoconstriction)
68
Do the ureters stretch?
No
69
What are the openings of the female reproductive parts?
1. Urethra (sterile) 2. Vagina 3. Rectal opening
70
Should you have glucose in your pee?
No
71
What are urinary casts?
Slough off epipthelial parts *tubule parts are being damaged, infection, chronic HTN
72
What are diuretics?
Water pills *remove excess Na+ by inhibiting reabsorption
73
What is dialysis?
artificial removal of metabolic sates
74
What is hemodialysis?
Hooked to an external machine blood volume leaves, gets cleaned then goes back into the body
75
What is peritoneal dialysis ?
Embedded membrane *higher risk of infection
76
What is a STENT for a uti?
A tube that will be open during an active infection
77
What is glomerulonerphritis?
type III inflammatory reaction (strep infection)
78
In mild glomerulonerphritis what will happen?
1. Swollen endothelial cells and membrane 2. Narrow capillary lumen 3. Hematuria *Blood of the glomerulus into the Bomans capsule
79
What is the terms for kidney stones?
Urolithiasis
80
Kidney stones can cause what?
The medulla will be compressed and can lead to kidney failure
81
What type of cancer is kidney cancer?
Direct invasion *Wilms Tumor (Tumor suppressor genes are mutated congenital)
82
What is acute renal failure?
REudced systemic blood flow, drug, mechanical obstruction *develops rapidly *Reversible
83
What is chronic renal failure?
Gradual irreversible *usually asymptomatic until advanced
84
What are the types of congenital kidney disorders?
1. Kidney Agensis 2. Hypoplasia 3. Ectopic kidney 4. Horseshoe kidney 5. Poly cystic kidney
85
What is kidney agenesis
Kidneys never formed *will die
86
What is hypoplasia (kidney)
Kidneys form but under sized *not working effectively *will live
87
What is ectopic kidney?
Kidney that is out of place of 3rd kidney
88
What is a horseshoe kidney?
Kidney that formed at the base of the meta-nephros *together, stuck on the vessel bifurcation of the IVD and AA (pelvic)
89
What is a poly cystic kidney?
Inherited Autosomal DOM *Neprons are destroyed *lead to gradual chronic kidney failure

Patho (9 decks)

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