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Patho > Urinary > Flashcards

Urinary Flashcards

1
Q

What is the development of the urinary system tied to?

A

The development of the reproductive system

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2
Q

Where does the formation of the gonads happen?

A

Close to the posterior abdominal wall
*They are large and indifferent gonads (testi or ovary)

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3
Q

What is besides the gonad?

A

A ridge of tissue that will develop in 3 parts
1. Pro-nephros
2. Meso-nephros
3. Meta-nephros

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4
Q

What are the first primitive kidneys?

A

Pro-nephros (highest on the abdominal wall)

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5
Q

What shoots off of the meta-nephros?

A

meta-nephric blastema
*will develop its own set of tissues

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6
Q

Where does the grown-up kidneys grow from?

A

Meta-nephric blastema

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7
Q

Where does the meta-neprhic blastema originate from?

A

Meta-nephros
*which is low in the abdominal cavity and needs to migrate up higher

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8
Q

What happens as the meta-nephric blastema migrates upwards?

A
  1. The meta-neprhic tubule will drag along with it
    *becomes a ureter
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9
Q

What does the meta-nephric tubule attach to?

A

Attaches to the metanephros (will become the urinary bladder)

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10
Q

What happens to the metanephros that is not attached to the reproductive parts?

A
  1. The indifferent gonad will develop into testis
  2. The duct components will connect to the testis and will become vas deferens
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11
Q

Where will the testis move to?

A
  1. Move to the scortum by moving downward THEN
  2. The gubernaculum will pull the gonad down UNTIL
  3. It gets to the inguinal canal created by rolling up the inferior fibers of the anterior wall musculature
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12
Q

What is the wolffian ducts?

A

The vas deferens

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13
Q

What does the developing metanephros fuse together to create?

A

Will create a cloaca type structure

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14
Q

What is a cloaca?

A

Hole that shares pee and poop
*Transitionary structure in embryos

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15
Q

What does the cloaca eventually become?

A
  1. Urinary bladder
  2. Rectum
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16
Q

Why does the right kidney sit lower?

A

Bc of the liver

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17
Q

What is the most dorsal aspect of the body?

A

The kidneys
*vulnerable to impact

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18
Q

How many fat pads do the kidneys have?

A

Two
1. Para
2. Peri

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19
Q

How much of the cardiac output do the kidneys receive?

A

25%

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20
Q

What type of epithelium does the bladder have?

A

Transitional epithelium
*changes histological appearance whether the bladder is full or empty

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21
Q

Type of cells when the bladder is full?

A

Stratified squamous (flat)

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22
Q

Types of cells when the bladder is empty?

A

rounded

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23
Q

How does urine move from the kidneys to the bladder?

A

By peristalsis
*longitudinal and circular musculature that lines the ureter

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24
Q

What type of valve is in the ureter?

A

Spiral valve that allows urine to come in (tonic)

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25
Q

What is the outer part of the kidney?

A

Cortex

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26
Q

What s the inner part of the kidney?

A

medullary part
*arranged in a triangular structures

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27
Q

What is the tip point of the medullary pyramid?

A

Points to the draining tubule apparatus (minor calyces)

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28
Q

What are between the medullary pyramids?

A

Renal columns

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29
Q

What is the purpose of the medullary pyramids

A

Cleaning the blood

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30
Q

What are the types of cells in the kidneys?

A
  1. Cortical nephrons (80%)
  2. Justamedullary nephrons (20%) (doing most of the work, deeper within the kidneys)
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31
Q

What are the two parts of the nephron?

A
  1. Tubular part
  2. Vascular part
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32
Q

Where is the Afferent arterial going towards?

A

The nephron

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33
Q

What happens when the Afferent arteriole reaches the first part of the tubule component of the nephron?

A

will weave in and out and tangle up on itself in the glomerulus

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34
Q

Where is the efferent arteriole going?

A

Away from the glomerulus (small lumen)

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35
Q

Where does blood from the Afferent arteriole come from?

A

Systemic circulation
*brings urea to the glomerulus

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36
Q

Where does the tubule part start?

A

Starts to wrap itself around the glomerulus (Bowman’s capsule)

37
Q

Is it okay if formed element of the blood are in the urine?

A

No (filtration is messed up)
*only plasma can be there

38
Q

What is the purpose of the nephron

A

To pull out metabolic waste (urea) and regulate ion concentration

39
Q

What will the nephron use to get rid of metabolic waste?

A

Water

40
Q

What is responsibility of the tubular epithelium?

A

To reabsorb and secrete things
*Microvilli are present which will increase the likelihood of things moving across the membrane

41
Q

What is influence the collecting duct?

A

ADH
*collecting duct will be permeable to water,the water will be allowed to leave and go backs to the medullary interstitial then the vasa Recta

42
Q

What if the collecting duct is not under the influence of ADH?

A

Water will get peed out

43
Q

What substances will allow us to pee out a large amount of dilute urine?

A

Ethanol and caffeine

44
Q

What is the purpose of the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

Substances will be reabsorbed moving into medullary space

45
Q

Is the ascending loop of henle permeable to water ?

A

NO

46
Q

Is the descending loop of henle permeable to water?

A

Yes

47
Q

What is the purpose of the collecting duct?

A

The last chance to reabsorb water
*will lead into the minor caloyx

48
Q

Why aren’t formed elements of the blood allowed in Bowman’s capsule?

A

They are to big
Need them for other things

49
Q

Why do we allow so much water to go through filtration?

A
  1. Need a certain volume to keep the waste product solvent
  2. Ingesting a lot of water will keep the urea dissolved
50
Q

What does glomerular filtration allow for?

A

Plasma to enter Bowman’s capsule

51
Q

Where reabsorption happen?

A

In the proximal convoluted tubule

52
Q

What can the proximal convoluted tubule reclaim?

A
  1. Glucose
  2. Salt
  3. Potassium
  4. Ions
  5. Amino acids
53
Q

What is the vasa recta?

A

Extension of the efferent arteriole

54
Q

What is the descending branch (loop of henele) permeable to?

A

Water

55
Q

What is the descending branch (loop of henele) pointed to?

A

The pointy edge of the medullary pyramid (more conc)

56
Q

Where does water want to go in the descending loop of henele?

A

Wants to leave the tubule and dilute the higher concentration

57
Q

What happens to the water if it does leave the ascending loop of henele?

A

It will be reabsorb, goign back into the bloodstream

58
Q

In the ascending loop of henele is water permeable?

A

No

59
Q

What is the ascending loop of henele moving?

A

Salt etc
*by active transport
*forcing against conc gradient

60
Q

What is the purpose of the distal convulted tubule?

A

Secretion

61
Q

What is being secreted?

A

Drugs, chemical, components that is not usable by the body

62
Q

What happens if you need to reclaim water?

A

Aquaporins will allow water to move out of the collecting duct

63
Q

What does auto regulation do?

A
  1. Small local adjustments made to blood flow in the kidneys to maintain normal glomerular filtration rate
64
Q

What does the SNS do to the renal component?

A

Vasoconstriction
*of the nephron function

65
Q

What is renin?

A

Secreted by the juxtaglomerular cells when blood flow in the Afferent arteriole is reduced

66
Q

What will renin act on?

A

Angiotensin I

67
Q

What will force more blood into the kidneys?

A

ACE will convert angiotensin I to angiotensin II (systemic vasoconstriction)

68
Q

Do the ureters stretch?

A

No

69
Q

What are the openings of the female reproductive parts?

A
  1. Urethra (sterile)
  2. Vagina
  3. Rectal opening
70
Q

Should you have glucose in your pee?

A

No

71
Q

What are urinary casts?

A

Slough off epipthelial parts
*tubule parts are being damaged, infection, chronic HTN

72
Q

What are diuretics?

A

Water pills
*remove excess Na+ by inhibiting reabsorption

73
Q

What is dialysis?

A

artificial removal of metabolic sates

74
Q

What is hemodialysis?

A

Hooked to an external machine blood volume leaves, gets cleaned then goes back into the body

75
Q

What is peritoneal dialysis ?

A

Embedded membrane
*higher risk of infection

76
Q

What is a STENT for a uti?

A

A tube that will be open during an active infection

77
Q

What is glomerulonerphritis?

A

type III inflammatory reaction (strep infection)

78
Q

In mild glomerulonerphritis what will happen?

A
  1. Swollen endothelial cells and membrane
  2. Narrow capillary lumen
  3. Hematuria
    *Blood of the glomerulus into the Bomans capsule
79
Q

What is the terms for kidney stones?

A

Urolithiasis

80
Q

Kidney stones can cause what?

A

The medulla will be compressed and can lead to kidney failure

81
Q

What type of cancer is kidney cancer?

A

Direct invasion
*Wilms Tumor (Tumor suppressor genes are mutated congenital)

82
Q

What is acute renal failure?

A

REudced systemic blood flow, drug, mechanical obstruction
*develops rapidly
*Reversible

83
Q

What is chronic renal failure?

A

Gradual irreversible
*usually asymptomatic until advanced

84
Q

What are the types of congenital kidney disorders?

A
  1. Kidney Agensis
  2. Hypoplasia
  3. Ectopic kidney
  4. Horseshoe kidney
  5. Poly cystic kidney
85
Q

What is kidney agenesis

A

Kidneys never formed
*will die

86
Q

What is hypoplasia (kidney)

A

Kidneys form but under sized
*not working effectively
*will live

87
Q

What is ectopic kidney?

A

Kidney that is out of place of 3rd kidney

88
Q

What is a horseshoe kidney?

A

Kidney that formed at the base of the meta-nephros
*together, stuck on the vessel bifurcation of the IVD and AA (pelvic)

89
Q

What is a poly cystic kidney?

A

Inherited
Autosomal DOM
*Neprons are destroyed
*lead to gradual chronic kidney failure

Patho (9 decks)

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