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Patho > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

What does the diaphragm separate/

A

The thorax from the abdominal cavity

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2
Q

What is stuck on the central tendon ?

A

Fibrous pericardium

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3
Q

What does lung parenchyma create?

A

The functional cells of the lung

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4
Q

What is the trachea made of?

A

Hyaline cartilage
*for strength to prevent collapse

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5
Q

What lines the nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi

A

Pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

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6
Q

Tall and wide cells?

A

Cubiodal

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7
Q

Taller than wide?

A

Columnar

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8
Q

Flat cells?

A

Squamous

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9
Q

What creates mucus?

A

Mucin + water
*will warm and humidify, and trap things

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10
Q

What does the cilia of the nose do?

A

Will move the mucus to the oral cavity
*either spit or swallow

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11
Q

Inspiration causes what to happen?

A
  1. Contraction of the diaphragm (Flatter)
  2. Contraction of the external intercostal muscles (widen)
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12
Q

Expirations causes what to happen?

A
  1. Relaxation of the diaphragm (Belled)
  2. Relaxation of the internal intercostal muscles (Decrease thoracic space)
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13
Q

What is lung compliance?

A
  1. Ability of the lungs to expand (elasticity)
    *lungs trying to go back to original shape
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14
Q

Nerve supply of the diaphragm?

A

Phrenic C3-C5

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15
Q

What is residual volume?

A

Air remaining in lungs after animal exhale
*walls of the alveoli want to collapse if they are empty
*Alveoli are sticky wont let lungs empty

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16
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

Maximal amount of air that can be move into or out of lungs

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17
Q

What is dead space?

A

Areas where gas exchange cannot occur
*results of a disease process

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18
Q

What is the medulla responsible (Breathing)

A
  1. Inspiratory/expiratory center (forced expiration)
    *set respiratory rate
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19
Q

What is the pons responsible for?

A

Coordinate rate of breathing cycle
*Speed up or slow down the rate

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20
Q

How does the pons know to increase the breathing rate?

A
  1. Depends on o2 levels and co2 level
  2. Will monitor pco2
    *Pc02 will directly predict the o2 binding levels of hemoglobin
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21
Q

What are Pco2 levels a predictor of?

A
  1. How much available 02 there is
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22
Q

If there is an increase in PCO2 what will happen?

A

The pons will increase the breathing rate
*then the medulla will increase respiratory rate

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23
Q

What is the purpose of the type I pneumocytes?

A

Make up the respiratory membrane
*Make up the functional walls of the alveolars

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24
Q

What is the purpose of the type II pneumocytes?

A

Responsible for secreting surfactant

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25
Q

What is surfactant?

A

Lines the inner part of the alveolar to prevent the tubes from sticking from each other

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26
Q

If there is a right shift what does that mean?

A

Decreased affinity
*delivering more O2 to tissues

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27
Q

If there is a left shift what does that mean?

A

increased affinity
*delivering less O2 to tissues

28
Q

As O2 increases what does that mean for the hemoglobin?

A

As O2 increases in the blood stream more and more O2 will be bound to individual hemoglobins

29
Q

What are the vocal folds made of?

A

Bands of connective tissue

30
Q

How do vocal folds generate sound?

A

By rubbing against each other

31
Q

During talking how are the vocal folds?

A

Closed
*bc they need to rub against each other

32
Q

What will create a phoneme?

A

The tongue and teeth positioning

33
Q

What is the responsibility of the tongue?

A
  1. Speech production
  2. Direct food to the chewing surfaces of the teeth
34
Q

What are the front teeth responsible for?

A

Cutting and slicing

35
Q

What are the back teeth used for?

A

Grinding

36
Q

Where is the epiglottis located?

A

At the back of the tongue

37
Q

What is the epiglottis made of?

A

Connective tissue

38
Q

If food goes into the laryngeal space what can happen?

A

You can choke

39
Q

What is the function of the epiglottis?

A

To cover over the larynx during swallowing to prevent food from getting stuck in the respiratory tract

40
Q

Are the respiratory disease medical emergencies?

A

Many of them are not medical emergencies

41
Q

Why aren’t antibiotics useful for a viral infection?

A
  1. Short, and no proofreading enzymes
  2. Short replication
42
Q

What lines the sinuses?

A

Pseudo stratified columnar ciliated epithelium with goblet cells

43
Q

What creates pus?

A

Dead bacteria and dead WBC

44
Q

What is sinusitis?

A

Results from infection (viral) if the swelling of the mucus membranes allows bacteria to flourish

45
Q

What are lower respiratory tract infections?

A

Infection or inflammation of the lung parenchyma that includes
1. Small tubes that do not have cartilage on them or alveolar components

46
Q

What is bronchiolitis?

A

RSV-a myxovirus
*can kill infants
*can progress into pneumonia

47
Q

What is lobar pneumonia?

A
  1. All of one or more lobes
    *streptococcus pneumoniae: high fever
48
Q

What. Is bronchopneumonia?

A
  1. Scattered patches
    *various bacteria (mild fever)
49
Q

What is Primary atypical pneumonia?

A
  1. Scattered patches
    *viral (fever may be absent)
50
Q

Are obstructive lung diseases caused by an infective process?

A

No
*functional change in the lung tissue itself

51
Q

What causes aspiration?

A
  1. The epiglottis doesn’t work, fails to cover the opening of the larynx
52
Q

What is COPD?

A

The capacity of the lungs to move air in ventilation is decreased less air can move through the lungs
*Less gas exchange

53
Q

What is pulmonary edema?

A
  1. Fluid collection in the intestinal space
    *between the pulmonary capillaries and alveoli)
  2. Due to the increase in pulmonary hydrostatic pressure
54
Q

Where is blood going in pulmonary edema?

A

The blood coming to and from the lungs is pushin to hard to get to where its going

55
Q

What side of the heart is pulmonary circulation on?

A

The right side of the heart

56
Q

What are some reasons for pulmonary edema?

A
  1. Something blocking the flow
  2. Too much blood bc we’re having a hard time pushing it out of the ventricle into the next space
57
Q

Why would blood have a hard time getting out of the ventricle?

A

Congestive heart failure (right-sided)

58
Q

What does the high hydrostatic pressure do to the water?

A

Pushes water out of the blood vessel and into the interstitial space
*Go into the alveolis

59
Q

What does fluid in the alveoli cause?

A
  1. Dilutes the surfactant (which prevents the pneumocytes from sticking together and collapsing ) now they want to stick together and collapse
60
Q

What is pulmonary edema do to the gas exchange?

A

Decrease it
*2nd to pneumonia

61
Q

What is pulmonary embolis>

A

Moving clot

62
Q

When would a pulmonary emboli be a problem?

A

If they lodge in the bifurcation of the pulmonary trunk into right and left pulmonary arteries
*wil die

63
Q

Where do the emboli come from?

A
  1. Leg veins
  2. Right atrium
64
Q

What do the lungs need to fully inflate?

A

A vacuum

65
Q

What is an atelectasis?

A

When the parietal pleura and visceral pleura are separated

Patho (9 decks)

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