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Patho > Digestive > Flashcards

Digestive Flashcards

1
Q

Is the gut tube confined within itself?

A

Yes

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2
Q

What is the stromodeum?

A

Forms the opening to the oral cavity
*Comes off of the gut tube

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3
Q

What also comes off of the gut tube?

A

Respiratory tract
*Why the pharynx in the throat area is a shared opening
*Food goes the same way air goes

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4
Q

What grows faster the baby or the gut tube?

A

Faster: gut tube
Slower: baby

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5
Q

Where does the gut tube herniate into?

A

The umbilical space

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6
Q

What does the gut drag along with it as it grows?

A

Will drag the vessels with it

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7
Q

What is visceral peritoneum?

A
  1. A single layer with blood vessels
  2. No pigmentation
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8
Q

How does the visceral peritoneum grow?

A
  1. As the blood vessels are growing the visceral peritoneum will loop around the gut
  2. Then meet itself to develop the artery and vein associated with the growing gut
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9
Q

What is the double layer of visual peritoneum called?

A

Mesentery

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10
Q

What is the proctodeum?

A

Anal opening

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11
Q

What happens once the anal opening is formed?

A
  1. There will be enough space to invite the gut back inside
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12
Q

What creates the linea alba?

A
  1. The developing anterior abdominal wall is two halves
  2. The two halves coming together create the linea alba
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13
Q

What is the correct arrangement of the gut?

A
  1. Colon (Most dorsal, sticking to posterior abdominal wall)
  2. Small intestine (In the center)
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14
Q

What developed first small intestine or Colon?

A
  1. Colon
  2. Small intestine
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15
Q

How does the liver form?

A

As two buds
1. One on the right side of the gut
2. One on the left side of the gut
3. The left one sticks to the right one
*which is why the lobes are two different sizes

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16
Q

How does the pancreas and gallbladder form?

A
  1. As an off-shoot of the gut
    *which is why there is a convergence of the biliary dots at the ampulla of vater
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17
Q

How does the opening of the oral cavity happen?

A
  1. Stromodema is a solid membrane
  2. Goes through apototic cell death
  3. Cels are programmed to die which opens the oral cavity
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18
Q

How is bone maintained?

A

Osteoblasts

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19
Q

What are deciduous teeth?

A

Teeth that can be replaced

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20
Q

how do osteoblasts/osteocytes know how to take bone away?

A

1.hormones
2. Depending on how much the bone is being pulled on or pushed on

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21
Q

What happens to the bone when you pull on it?

A

Builds up

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22
Q

What happens to the bone when your push on it?

A

Reabsorbs

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23
Q

If you only have gums and no teeth, chewing with the gums will tell the bone to do what?

A

Bone will reabsorb
*creates an underbite
*Length and thickness of the bone is reduced

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24
Q

Are gingiva mytoticaly active?

A

Yes

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25
Q

Job of the incisors and molars?

A

Incisors: cutting, bitting things off
Molars: Grinding

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26
Q

What will happen if you lose one tooth?

A

The bone begins to reabsorb and shift
*Other teeth begin to move which weakens the connective tooth jaw

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27
Q

Is the swallowing sequence voluntary or involuntary?

A

Partially voluntary partially involuntary

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28
Q

What is the first step of the swallowing sequence?

A
  1. Ingestion
    Combines w/saliva and food=bolus
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29
Q

After the bolus is formed what happens next?

A
  1. Mastication
    - bolus beings to develop more with the help of mastication
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30
Q

What will help the bolus move?

A
  1. The tongue will push the bolus backwards to the soft palate
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31
Q

Once the bolus gets push back to the soft palate what happens next?

A

The soft palate will raise up to cover the opening to the Nasopharynx
*If this step fails the food will come out of the nose

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32
Q

Where does the bolus go after the soft palate?

A
  1. Move to the oropharynx which’s leads to the laryngopharynx
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33
Q

After the bolus goes to the laryngopharynx what happens next?

A
  1. Epiglottis covers the larynx
    *food enters the esophagus
    *IF this FAILS you will CHOKE
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34
Q

Why are humans more susceptible to choking?

A

The low positioning of the larynx at its close approximation to the esophagus

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35
Q

What is the purpose of the palatine tonsil?

A

Lymph tissue to protect against infection

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36
Q

What does the lingual frenulum do?

A

Anchors tongue to base of oral cavity

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37
Q

Where does the esophagus sit?

A

Lower mediastinum

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38
Q

Is the esophagus open or closed all the time?

A

Closed

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39
Q

What is the sphincter that allows food to go into the stomach?

A

Lower esophageal sphincter

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40
Q

What is the innervation of the LES?

A

Tonic innervation
*Signal to contract all the time
*Closed all the time unless something is going through it

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41
Q

What allows food to move through the esophagus?

A

Peristalsis
*alternating contraction of longitudinal muscle fibers
*involuntary

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42
Q

What causes the LES to open?

A

The presence of food

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43
Q

What are the three muscle layers of the stomach?

A
  1. Circular
  2. Longitudinal
  3. Oblique (to mix food up)
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44
Q

What is segmentation?

A

Mixing material together in the gut
*Both the LES and Pyloric sphincter are closed allowing the mixing of food

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45
Q

What is the purpose of parietal cells?

A

Lining the stomach
*secreting hydrochloric acid

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46
Q

What is the purpose of chief cells?

A

Secreting a protein called pepsinogen
*will be modified into the enzyme pepsin (will break down proteins)

47
Q

What is the purpose of goblet cells?

A

Secrete mucin
*Protects the stomach from the acid
*creates a barrier that floats above the epithelium

48
Q

What are enteroendocrine cells?

A

Hormones that affects the gut function

49
Q

How does pepsin become activated?

A

In an acidic environment

50
Q

Once the bolus enters stomach what happens to it?

A

Chyme will form
-which is food+gastric secretions

51
Q

Where does chyme want to go ?

A
  1. The pyloric sphincter needs to open
  2. Enters the small intestine (Duodenum)
52
Q

What are some key features about the duodenum?

A

Shortest part of the small intestine
-No mucus lining
-bile enters
-pancreatic secretions are there too

53
Q

What helps create bile?

A

Hepatocytes

54
Q

Does bile have enzymes?

A

NOOOOO
*bile only has bile salts and bilirubin

55
Q

What are the pancreatic cells?

A

B-Cells: make insulin (10%)
Acinar cells: Make digestive enzymes (90%)

56
Q

What is the role of the small intestine?

A

nutrient absorption

57
Q

What are all edible products made from?

A
  1. Carbs
  2. Lipids
  3. Protein
  4. Nucleic acid
58
Q

Where does the majority of absorption occur?

A

In the jujenum

59
Q

What lines the gut?

A

Simple columnar epithelium
*Microvili increase the surface area for absorption or secretion

60
Q

What does the colon do?

A

Water absorption

61
Q

What is the purpose of the appendix?

A

Lymph node tissue helps fight off infection
*make sure that the bacteria doesn’t move backwards into the ileum

62
Q

How can you live without an appendix?

A

The mucosa associated with the lymph node tissue works over time

63
Q

What are the two layers of the colon?

A
  1. Longitudinal layer
  2. Circular musculature (Haustrum)
    *Layers are incomplete
64
Q

What are the different type of anal sphincters in the rectum?

A
  1. External anal sphincter (voluntary)
  2. Internal anal sphincter (Involuntary -Pelvic splanchnic)
65
Q

When should a child be able to control their urine and stool?

A

Age of 3

66
Q

What does the horomone Gastrin do?

A

Increase motility

67
Q

What does the hormone histamine do?

A

Increased HCL

68
Q

What does the hormone cholecystokinin do?

A

Increases bile

69
Q

What does the hormone secretin do?

A

Decreases gastric secretions

70
Q

What is the neural contrail of the gut mainly from?

A

Vagus nerve

71
Q

What is the most common type of health problem in the US?

A

Digestive system disorders

72
Q

If there is a large volume of diarrhea what does that mean?

A

Secretory
*TOO much water

73
Q

If there is a small volume of diarrhea what does that mean?

A

IBS
*Inflammation is preventing water absorption

74
Q

How many days can yo go without drinking water?

A

About 3

75
Q

What is hyopvolemia?

A

Fluid shifts from blood into digestive tract

76
Q

What does vomiting lead to?

A

A loss of HCL resulting in metabolic alkalosis

77
Q

In infective states of the gut where does fluid move to?

A

From intracellular space into gut space

78
Q

If there is vomiting W/o diarrhea what dos that mean?

A

NOT infective

79
Q

Why is pain from the gut mainly referred/

A

B/c the visceral components of the gut are poorly innervated for pain

80
Q

What does referred pain mean?

A

Spinal cord has a similar innervation with the viscera

81
Q

What are some common drugs for digestive problems?

A
  1. Antacids
  2. Antiemetics
  3. Laxatives
  4. Antibiotics
  5. Histamine-blockers
  6. Proton pump inhibitors
82
Q

What is the color of the teeth dependent on?

A

The color of the dentin
*which is connective tissue that is deep to enamel

83
Q

How does mumps happen?

A

Caused by viral infection in the oral cavity

84
Q

What does the virus that causes mumps gain access to?

A

The virus is in the oral cavity and gains access to the parotid duct then the parotid gland
*The gland will swell

85
Q

Can you die from mumps?

A

Yes

86
Q

Why is mumps considered a GI disorder?

A

B/c of the effect on the oral cavity

87
Q

What causes Bell’s palsy?

A

Lesion of CN XII
*Branches will travel through the parotid gland
*gain access to the muscles of facial expression

88
Q

What does the LES do?

A
  1. Allows for things to move into the stomach
  2. Prevents the backflow of things into the esophageal sphincter
89
Q

If there is a problem with the LES what can that cause?

A

Heartburn (pyrosis)

90
Q

What is around the esophagus?

A

The diaphragm
*esophageal hiatus is in the middle and made of dense irregular connective tissue

91
Q

Can the esophageal hiatus stretch?

A

NO
*for heartburn to happen the hiatus diameter is too big

92
Q

During heartburn what happens?

A
  1. When peristalsis happens the acid will go back up into the esophagus
93
Q

What protects the stomach lining?

A

Mucus

94
Q

Are there any goblet cells in the esophagus?

A

No
*Acid reflex will cause it to go through metaplastic change

95
Q

What is the most common time f dysphgia?

A

GERD

96
Q

What is H.Pylori?

A

stomach ulcers
*cobblestone type of appearance
*Sets up pockets of inflammation and swelling in the mucosa lining

97
Q

Where is bile made?

A

In the liver

98
Q

Where is the pancreas located?

A

In the curve of the duodenum

99
Q

What is the appearance of the cystic duct?

A

Spiral like
*It facilitates the movement of bile into the duodenum
*Which makes it more likely for stones to get stuck

100
Q

What is prehepatic jaundice?

A

Excessive RBC destruction
*Before liver cells are participating

101
Q

What is intrahepatic jaundice?

A

Hepatitis
*Something wrong with the liver parenchyma itself

102
Q

What is posthepatic jaundice?

A

Stones
*Something wrong with the bile drainage system

103
Q

What does chirrosis of the liver mean?

A

The functional liver parenchyma (made up of hepatocytes) has died of diseases and now made of connective tissue

104
Q

What does acute pancreatitis activate?

A

Enzymes inside the pancreatic ducts
*Pancreas is digesting itself

105
Q

What are the majority of pancreatic cells?

A

Exocrine
*going into a duct that is directed into a specific anatomical place

106
Q

What does the pancreas allow us to do?

A

Chemically breakdown and absorb all the food that we eat across the lining of the gut

107
Q

If there are problems with the gut what does that mean?

A

The duct has been occluded through infections, or inflammation
*Pancreatic juices cannot leaves therefore will turn against the pancreas itself ad digest it

108
Q

Are Lower or upper GI disorders more vulnerable to be inflammerd?

A

Lower

109
Q

What will a vial infection do to the gut?

A

Increase gut motility
1. Will shove things thru faster than normal
2. Will not absorb the nutrients
*Diarrhea
*Colon doesn’t have time to absorb water

110
Q

What is celiac disease?

A

Malabsorption syndrome

111
Q

What does Crohn’s disease effect?

A

The entire digestive tract
*Autoimmune

112
Q

What does ulcerative colitis effect?

A

The colon
*autoimmune

113
Q

Why does an intestinal obstruction occur?

A

Forms bc of a neoplasm or inflammation that is significant enough that is obstructs the bowel

Patho (9 decks)

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