Digestive Flashcards
1
Q
Is the gut tube confined within itself?
A
Yes
2
Q
What is the stromodeum?
A
Forms the opening to the oral cavity
*Comes off of the gut tube
3
Q
What also comes off of the gut tube?
A
Respiratory tract
*Why the pharynx in the throat area is a shared opening
*Food goes the same way air goes
4
Q
What grows faster the baby or the gut tube?
A
Faster: gut tube
Slower: baby
5
Q
Where does the gut tube herniate into?
A
The umbilical space
6
Q
What does the gut drag along with it as it grows?
A
Will drag the vessels with it
7
Q
What is visceral peritoneum?
A
- A single layer with blood vessels
- No pigmentation
8
Q
How does the visceral peritoneum grow?
A
- As the blood vessels are growing the visceral peritoneum will loop around the gut
- Then meet itself to develop the artery and vein associated with the growing gut
9
Q
What is the double layer of visual peritoneum called?
A
Mesentery
10
Q
What is the proctodeum?
A
Anal opening
11
Q
What happens once the anal opening is formed?
A
- There will be enough space to invite the gut back inside
12
Q
What creates the linea alba?
A
- The developing anterior abdominal wall is two halves
- The two halves coming together create the linea alba
13
Q
What is the correct arrangement of the gut?
A
- Colon (Most dorsal, sticking to posterior abdominal wall)
- Small intestine (In the center)
14
Q
What developed first small intestine or Colon?
A
- Colon
- Small intestine
15
Q
How does the liver form?
A
As two buds
1. One on the right side of the gut
2. One on the left side of the gut
3. The left one sticks to the right one
*which is why the lobes are two different sizes
16
Q
How does the pancreas and gallbladder form?
A
- As an off-shoot of the gut
*which is why there is a convergence of the biliary dots at the ampulla of vater
17
Q
How does the opening of the oral cavity happen?
A
- Stromodema is a solid membrane
- Goes through apototic cell death
- Cels are programmed to die which opens the oral cavity
18
Q
How is bone maintained?
A
Osteoblasts
19
Q
What are deciduous teeth?
A
Teeth that can be replaced
20
Q
how do osteoblasts/osteocytes know how to take bone away?
A
1.hormones
2. Depending on how much the bone is being pulled on or pushed on
21
Q
What happens to the bone when you pull on it?
A
Builds up
22
Q
What happens to the bone when your push on it?
A
Reabsorbs
23
Q
If you only have gums and no teeth, chewing with the gums will tell the bone to do what?
A
Bone will reabsorb
*creates an underbite
*Length and thickness of the bone is reduced
24
Q
Are gingiva mytoticaly active?
A
Yes
25
Job of the incisors and molars?
Incisors: cutting, bitting things off
Molars: Grinding
26
What will happen if you lose one tooth?
The bone begins to reabsorb and shift
*Other teeth begin to move which weakens the connective tooth jaw
27
Is the swallowing sequence voluntary or involuntary?
Partially voluntary partially involuntary
28
What is the first step of the swallowing sequence?
1. Ingestion
Combines w/saliva and food=bolus
29
After the bolus is formed what happens next?
2. Mastication
- bolus beings to develop more with the help of mastication
30
What will help the bolus move?
3. The tongue will push the bolus backwards to the soft palate
31
Once the bolus gets push back to the soft palate what happens next?
The soft palate will raise up to cover the opening to the Nasopharynx
*If this step fails the food will come out of the nose
32
Where does the bolus go after the soft palate?
4. Move to the oropharynx which’s leads to the laryngopharynx
33
After the bolus goes to the laryngopharynx what happens next?
5. Epiglottis covers the larynx
*food enters the esophagus
*IF this FAILS you will CHOKE
34
Why are humans more susceptible to choking?
The low positioning of the larynx at its close approximation to the esophagus
35
What is the purpose of the palatine tonsil?
Lymph tissue to protect against infection
36
What does the lingual frenulum do?
Anchors tongue to base of oral cavity
37
Where does the esophagus sit?
Lower mediastinum
38
Is the esophagus open or closed all the time?
Closed
39
What is the sphincter that allows food to go into the stomach?
Lower esophageal sphincter
40
What is the innervation of the LES?
Tonic innervation
*Signal to contract all the time
*Closed all the time unless something is going through it
41
What allows food to move through the esophagus?
Peristalsis
*alternating contraction of longitudinal muscle fibers
*involuntary
42
What causes the LES to open?
The presence of food
43
What are the three muscle layers of the stomach?
1. Circular
2. Longitudinal
3. Oblique (to mix food up)
44
What is segmentation?
Mixing material together in the gut
*Both the LES and Pyloric sphincter are closed allowing the mixing of food
45
What is the purpose of parietal cells?
Lining the stomach
*secreting hydrochloric acid
46
What is the purpose of chief cells?
Secreting a protein called pepsinogen
*will be modified into the enzyme pepsin (will break down proteins)
47
What is the purpose of goblet cells?
Secrete mucin
*Protects the stomach from the acid
*creates a barrier that floats above the epithelium
48
What are enteroendocrine cells?
Hormones that affects the gut function
49
How does pepsin become activated?
In an acidic environment
50
Once the bolus enters stomach what happens to it?
Chyme will form
-which is food+gastric secretions
51
Where does chyme want to go ?
1. The pyloric sphincter needs to open
2. Enters the small intestine (Duodenum)
52
What are some key features about the duodenum?
Shortest part of the small intestine
-No mucus lining
-bile enters
-pancreatic secretions are there too
53
What helps create bile?
Hepatocytes
54
Does bile have enzymes?
NOOOOO
*bile only has bile salts and bilirubin
55
What are the pancreatic cells?
B-Cells: make insulin (10%)
Acinar cells: Make digestive enzymes (90%)
56
What is the role of the small intestine?
nutrient absorption
57
What are all edible products made from?
1. Carbs
2. Lipids
3. Protein
4. Nucleic acid
58
Where does the majority of absorption occur?
In the jujenum
59
What lines the gut?
Simple columnar epithelium
*Microvili increase the surface area for absorption or secretion
60
What does the colon do?
Water absorption
61
What is the purpose of the appendix?
Lymph node tissue helps fight off infection
*make sure that the bacteria doesn’t move backwards into the ileum
62
How can you live without an appendix?
The mucosa associated with the lymph node tissue works over time
63
What are the two layers of the colon?
1. Longitudinal layer
2. Circular musculature (Haustrum)
*Layers are incomplete
64
What are the different type of anal sphincters in the rectum?
1. External anal sphincter (voluntary)
2. Internal anal sphincter (Involuntary -Pelvic splanchnic)
65
When should a child be able to control their urine and stool?
Age of 3
66
What does the horomone Gastrin do?
Increase motility
67
What does the hormone histamine do?
Increased HCL
68
What does the hormone cholecystokinin do?
Increases bile
69
What does the hormone secretin do?
Decreases gastric secretions
70
What is the neural contrail of the gut mainly from?
Vagus nerve
71
What is the most common type of health problem in the US?
Digestive system disorders
72
If there is a large volume of diarrhea what does that mean?
Secretory
*TOO much water
73
If there is a small volume of diarrhea what does that mean?
IBS
*Inflammation is preventing water absorption
74
How many days can yo go without drinking water?
About 3
75
What is hyopvolemia?
Fluid shifts from blood into digestive tract
76
What does vomiting lead to?
A loss of HCL resulting in metabolic alkalosis
77
In infective states of the gut where does fluid move to?
From intracellular space into gut space
78
If there is vomiting W/o diarrhea what dos that mean?
NOT infective
79
Why is pain from the gut mainly referred/
B/c the visceral components of the gut are poorly innervated for pain
80
What does referred pain mean?
Spinal cord has a similar innervation with the viscera
81
What are some common drugs for digestive problems?
1. Antacids
2. Antiemetics
2. Laxatives
4. Antibiotics
5. Histamine-blockers
6. Proton pump inhibitors
82
What is the color of the teeth dependent on?
The color of the dentin
*which is connective tissue that is deep to enamel
83
How does mumps happen?
Caused by viral infection in the oral cavity
84
What does the virus that causes mumps gain access to?
The virus is in the oral cavity and gains access to the parotid duct then the parotid gland
*The gland will swell
85
Can you die from mumps?
Yes
86
Why is mumps considered a GI disorder?
B/c of the effect on the oral cavity
87
What causes Bell’s palsy?
Lesion of CN XII
*Branches will travel through the parotid gland
*gain access to the muscles of facial expression
88
What does the LES do?
1. Allows for things to move into the stomach
2. Prevents the backflow of things into the esophageal sphincter
89
If there is a problem with the LES what can that cause?
Heartburn (pyrosis)
90
What is around the esophagus?
The diaphragm
*esophageal hiatus is in the middle and made of dense irregular connective tissue
91
Can the esophageal hiatus stretch?
NO
*for heartburn to happen the hiatus diameter is too big
92
During heartburn what happens?
1. When peristalsis happens the acid will go back up into the esophagus
93
What protects the stomach lining?
Mucus
94
Are there any goblet cells in the esophagus?
No
*Acid reflex will cause it to go through metaplastic change
95
What is the most common time f dysphgia?
GERD
96
What is H.Pylori?
stomach ulcers
*cobblestone type of appearance
*Sets up pockets of inflammation and swelling in the mucosa lining
97
Where is bile made?
In the liver
98
Where is the pancreas located?
In the curve of the duodenum
99
What is the appearance of the cystic duct?
Spiral like
*It facilitates the movement of bile into the duodenum
*Which makes it more likely for stones to get stuck
100
What is prehepatic jaundice?
Excessive RBC destruction
*Before liver cells are participating
101
What is intrahepatic jaundice?
Hepatitis
*Something wrong with the liver parenchyma itself
102
What is posthepatic jaundice?
Stones
*Something wrong with the bile drainage system
103
What does chirrosis of the liver mean?
The functional liver parenchyma (made up of hepatocytes) has died of diseases and now made of connective tissue
104
What does acute pancreatitis activate?
Enzymes inside the pancreatic ducts
*Pancreas is digesting itself
105
What are the majority of pancreatic cells?
Exocrine
*going into a duct that is directed into a specific anatomical place
106
What does the pancreas allow us to do?
Chemically breakdown and absorb all the food that we eat across the lining of the gut
107
If there are problems with the gut what does that mean?
The duct has been occluded through infections, or inflammation
*Pancreatic juices cannot leaves therefore will turn against the pancreas itself ad digest it
108
Are Lower or upper GI disorders more vulnerable to be inflammerd?
Lower
109
What will a vial infection do to the gut?
Increase gut motility
1. Will shove things thru faster than normal
2. Will not absorb the nutrients
*Diarrhea
*Colon doesn’t have time to absorb water
110
What is celiac disease?
Malabsorption syndrome
111
What does Crohn’s disease effect?
The entire digestive tract
*Autoimmune
112
What does ulcerative colitis effect?
The colon
*autoimmune
113
Why does an intestinal obstruction occur?
Forms bc of a neoplasm or inflammation that is significant enough that is obstructs the bowel
